Revisiting battery modeling using the energy power supply concept

Using the energy power supply concept, this paper
proposes a DC voltage source with limited energy storage capac-
ity, which models: the energy storage capacity of the batteries, the
involved energy transfer process and the constant voltage output
behavior when the battery has storage energy. Further, this circuit
source is used for understanding the combined electrical circuit-
based battery model, which is commonly used for designing of:
portable electronic devices, hybrid electric vehicles and smart
grid systems.