Filogeografía del margay (Leopardus wiedii; felidae, carnivora): determinación de posibles subespecies mediante marcadores mitocondriales

The margay (Leopardus wiedii, Felidae, Carnivora) is one of the eight recognized species from the Leopardus genus. With the traditional morphological criteria 10 L. wiedii subspecies have been recognized. Recently, only three subspecies of margay have been defined as valid throughout the molecular results of Eizirik et al. (1998). Nevertheless, the number of specimens analyzed in that study was small (24). Therefore, we analyzed 118 margay’s specimens for three mitochondrial genes (mtATP8, mt16S rRNA, and mtND5). The specimens were sampled in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, French Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. These specimens included seven out of the 10 recognized subspecies of margay. Our results did not agree with the traditional morphological classification nor with the more recent molecular subspecies proposal. By means of Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood, we detected 13 different groups. Some of them are a monophyletic clade for L. w. salvinia (Guatemala and Belize), a small monophyletic clade composed by some specimens of L. w. pirrensis (Panama and Costa Rica), another small monophyletic clade composed by specimens of L. w. vigens (French Guyana), two monophyletic clades with specimens a priori classified as L. w. boliviensis (Bolivia) (but polyphyletic between them), and, at least, five monophyletic clades within L. w. amazonica (although polyphyletic among them) distributed across all the Amazon Basin. Henceforth, there was not agreement between the morphological subspecies and the molecular data obtained. No significant spatial structure was detected. Thus, the concept of geographical subspecies has a very limited significance for this species. All the demographic analysis procedures showed a very strong and significant population expansion for this species. The mismatch distribution analysis dated this population expansion around 200 000-400 000 years ago, meanwhile the Bayesian Skyline Plot analysis estimated it around 300 000 years ago. This was related with the climatic changes in the last phase of the Pleistocene.