Gestión del desempeño logístico en los procesos poscosecha de fresa en el departamento de Cundinamarca a través un sistema ciberfísico

La Cadena de Suministro Agroalimentaria –CSA - se define como un conjunto de componentes que interactúan en torno al agronegocio, e incluye: sistemas productivos; proveedores de insumos y servicios; industrias de producción y transformación; agentes de distribución y comercialización; y consumidores finales ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer un modelo de articulación, entre la cadena productiva (CP) hortofrutícola colombiana como mecanismo de gestión de las interacciones entre actores para el flujo de materiales y la cadena de frío (CF) como herramienta logístico-tecnológica, para la conservación de alimentos perecederos. A partir de una metodología secuencial de construcción, se propone un modelo de eslabones y segmentos para el sector hortofrutícola colombiano, que integra las actividades desde los proveedores de insumos hasta el cliente o consumidor final, identificando sus descriptores. Posteriormente se analizan los modelos de cadena de frío propuestos en la literatura conceptualización e identificación de puntos críticos de control tanto exógenos como endógenos con base en el sistema de análisis de riesgos y puntos críticos de control (HACCP), seleccionando el modelo de cadena sincronizada. El análisis conjunto y superpuesto de estos dos modelos, se convierte en el diseño articulado, que permite direccionar la adaptación de tecnología de transporte y almacenamiento de productos bajo condiciones de temperatura y humedad determinadas dentro de la cadena productiva hortofrutícola, como factor de ventaja competitiva. Palabras clave: Cadena productiva, cadena de frío, cadena de suministros, calidad de alimentos, hortofrutícola ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to propose a model to articulate Colombian horticultural production chain as a mechanism for managing the interactions between actors for the flow of materials with the cold chain as a logistic-technological tool for the conservation of perishable foods. Based on a sequential construction methodology, a link and segment model is proposed for the Colombian horticultural sector. The model integrates the activities from the input suppliers to the final customer or consumer, identifying their descriptors. Consequently, the cold chain models proposed in the literature are conceptualized and characterized trough a critical control point's analysis (exogenous and endogenous), based on the HACCP system, selecting the synchronized supply chain model. The joint and superimposed analysis of these two models becomes the articulated design, which allows directing the adaptation of technology in transportation and storage of products under appropriated cold chain conditions for fruits and vegetal products as a competitive advantage.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Flórez M.","given":"Diego Hernando","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Temas Agrarios","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"77-94","title":"Diseño de un modelo de articulación entre la cadena productiva hortofruticola colombiana y la cadena logística de frío","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=daaf0c7b-8e56-4735-9a7d-16becb5e1309"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"Distribution operation logistics in the municipalities of Fuente de Oro (Meta) and Viotá (Cundinamarca) under the farmer market process were analyzed. Through the characterization of the supply chain (SC), an analysis of the logistics operation, including cost analysis and determination of the operation constraints and the relationship between logistics operation and food quality set, was carried out. The research was exploratory-descriptive in type, as performed through case studies. The results suggest the presence of a SC with a decentralized distribution structure of shipments, logistic cost averages of 26% of income and 19% of net margin distribution. There are problems in the quality of the food derived from post-harvest handling, a physical misuse of 20%, a decay of 5% and a decrease of 18% in sale revenues. It was determined that the core of logistical system constraints is the lack of regular marketing channels and local restrictions are mainly composed of the internal processes of post-harvest activities, such as grading, sorting and packaging of products. The implementation of strategies of coordination among agents of the SC and logistical operational tactics, training of producers in product management and organizational processes are proposed.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reina","given":"Martha Liliana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adarme","given":"Wilson","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"80-91","title":"Logística de distribución de productos perecederos : estudios de caso Fuente de Oro (Meta) y Viotá","type":"article-journal","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3513fb07-b644-45d2-8bf7-e14e033cde2f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Flórez M., 2017; Reina & Adarme, 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Flórez M., 2017; Reina & Adarme, 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Flórez M., 2017; Reina & Adarme, 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Flórez M., 2017; Reina & Adarme, 2014). El material que fluye en la CSA, es un organismo biológico perecedero, expuesto al riesgo de degradación por sus características, por lo cual requiere de métodos y tecnologías que mitiguen ese riesgo para la conservación de la calidad ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"8621510871","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berkowitz","given":"Deborah E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Enciclopedia de salud y seguridad en el trabajo","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"43-60","title":"Industria Alimentaria","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=03b4b87d-b7ed-4f68-bdf3-61e8e11276a9"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"9780813820583","PMID":"14484664","abstract":"Bacterial biofilms on food industry surfaces are potential sources of contamination for food products coming in contact with these surfaces. The development of biofilms in food processing environments may lead to food spoilage or transmission of diseases. This paper describes the formation of microbial biofilms on food contact surfaces, their characteristics, and strategies for removal of adhered microorganisms (cleaning and disinfection) or for preventing microbial adhesion to surfaces (optimizing equipment design, altering surface chemistry, treating with antimicrobial agents). © 1999 Aspen Publishers, Inc.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Navia","given":"Diana Paola","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Villada","given":"Héctor Samuel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mosquera","given":"Silvio Andrés","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"118-128","title":"Las biopelículas en la industria de alimentos","type":"article-journal","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0fdf1868-7b33-4040-aa96-cda3f32f175e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Berkowitz, 2012; Navia, Villada, & Mosquera, 2010)","manualFormatting":"(Berkowitz, 2012; Navia et al., 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Berkowitz, 2012; Navia, Villada, & Mosquera, 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Berkowitz, 2012; Navia, Villada, & Mosquera, 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Berkowitz, 2012; Navia et al., 2010). Por su parte, Keizer et al. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"De","family":"Keizer","given":"Marlies","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Akkerman","given":"Renzo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grunow","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bloemhof","given":"Jacqueline M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haijema","given":"Rene","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"Van Der","family":"Vorst","given":"Jack G A J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"European Journal of Operational Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"535-549","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Logistics network design for perishable products with heterogeneous quality decay","type":"article-journal","volume":"262"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6ce0f262-770a-4bde-b760-532ef1c2b9e1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Keizer et al., 2017)","manualFormatting":"(2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Keizer et al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Keizer et al., 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(2017) plantean que el efecto de degradación en la calidad promueve la inseguridad alimentaria por la generación de pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos. Para la presente investigación la CSA que se seleccionó como caso de estudio es la fresa (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) por las siguientes razones: 1) se considera un fruto altamente perecedero ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132151","ISSN":"18737072","PMID":"35065837","abstract":"Strawberry is very perishable fruit with rapid postharvest loss of quality and high susceptibility to microbial infections. In this work we study pectin modifications and microbiota and mycobiota composition in strawberry in conventional and organic cultivation systems. The enzymatic activity during postharvest storage of both types of strawberry was divided at the fifth day of storage into two phases: postharvest changes and rotting. Pectin molecules extracted from organic strawberries were longer and more branched compared to the conventional strawberries; however a more noticeable reorganization of molecular structure occurred. The sequential action of the pectinolytic enzymes had a direct effect on the molecular structure of pectin fractions. The observed changes in pectin structure relate to the synergistic activity of pectinolytic enzymes and some microorganisms. The organic system was characterized by a greater number and variety of bacteria and fungi during storage as compared to the conventional system.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cybulska","given":"Justyna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Drobek","given":"Magdalena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Panek","given":"Jacek","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cruz-Rubio","given":"José M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kurzyna-Szklarek","given":"Magdalena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zdunek","given":"Artur","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frąc","given":"Magdalena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Food Chemistry","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"July 2021","issued":{"date-parts":[["2022"]]},"title":"Changes of pectin structure and microbial community composition in strawberry fruit (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) during cold storage","type":"article-journal","volume":"381"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fef0e4c2-f8f5-487a-8f12-1cab51156c25"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cybulska et al., 2022)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cybulska et al., 2022)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cybulska et al., 2022)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Cybulska et al., 2022); 2) es muy sensible a las prácticas de manipulación y a las condiciones de conservación durante poscosecha ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.4025/actasciagron.v43i1.46862","ISSN":"18078621","abstract":"Strawberries are berry-type fruits that are very popular and widely consumed all over the world. The sensorial, physical-chemical and nutritional characteristics of strawberries are parameters of quality that influence the choices of consumers. However, these characteristics may be influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors that alter the fruit quality. The concentrations of nutrients and other chemical compounds in strawberries may increase and/or decrease according to the cropping system, maturation stage, climatic conditions, and preservation and storage methods. Factors characteristic of the cultivar, such as the genetic profile, may also influence the composition of strawberries. In this context, the objective of this research was to evaluate the sensorial, physical-chemical and nutritional characteristics of different strawberry cultivars to identify the genotype(s) with the best characteristics for commercialization and human consumption. The day-neutral strawberry cultivar ‘Aromas’ and short-day strawberry cultivars ‘Camarosa, Camino Real, Dover, Sweet Charlie, and Tudla’ were cultivated in the Olericultura Sector of the State University of the Midwest (UNICENTRO), Parana State, Brazil. The fruits were characterized in relation to their physical-chemical, nutritional and sensorial aspects. According to the sensorial profiles, the Camarosa, Camino Real, Dover, and Tudla genotypes showed greater acceptability among consumers. Camarosa, Sweet Charlie, and Tudla presented better physical-chemical characteristics for human consumption, while the cultivars Camarosa, Dover, and Tudla had the best nutritional contents. In general, it is concluded that the genotypes Camarosa and Tudla are the most favourable for human consumption, according to their sensorial, physical-chemical and nutritional characteristics.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nunes","given":"Graziela","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Teixeira","given":"Flavia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schwarz","given":"Kelin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Camargo","given":"Cristiano Kopanski","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Resende","given":"Juliano Tadeu Vilela","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Santos","given":"Elisvania Freitas","non-dropping-particle":"Dos","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Franco","given":"Bruna Callegari","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Novello","given":"Daiana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Acta Scientiarum - Agronomy","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"November","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-10","title":"Influence of genetic variability on the quality of strawberry cultivars: Sensorial, physical-chemical and nutritional characterization","type":"article-journal","volume":"43"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c33d600f-01ae-447c-a32f-a296631993ac"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/su12187569","ISSN":"20711050","abstract":"The sustainability and profitability of fresh produce supply chains are contingent upon several risk factors. This work, therefore, examines several risk indicators that affect the quality and safety of fresh produce in transit, including technological, biological, sustainability, environmental, and emergency risks. Then, we developed a risk assessment and monitoring model that employs a machine learning algorithm, a support vector machine, based on historical monitoring data. The proposed methodology was then applied to simulation and numerical analysis to assess the risks incurred in the strawberry cold chain. After training, the algorithm predicted the risks incurred during transportation with an average accuracy of 90.4%. Therefore, the developed methodology can effectively and accurately perform a risk assessment. Furthermore, the risk assessment model can be applied to other fresh produce due to comprehensive risk indicators. Decision-makers in fresh produce logistics companies can use the developed methodology to identify and mitigate risks incurred, thus improving food safety, reducing product loss, maximizing profits, and realizing sustainable development.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhang","given":"Guoquan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Li","given":"Guohao","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peng","given":"Jing","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"18","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-20","title":"Risk assessment and monitoring of green logistics for fresh produce based on a support vector machine","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a2d3564e-de03-4d05-8697-e9f9c654e861"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Nunes et al., 2021; Zhang, Li, & Peng, 2020)","manualFormatting":"(Nunes et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Nunes et al., 2021; Zhang, Li, & Peng, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Nunes et al., 2021; Zhang, Li, & Peng, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Nunes et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020); 3) se encuentra priorizada por el Plan Estratégico de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Sector Agropecuario Colombiano – PECTIA; 4) existen demandas en Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (ID+i) en el departamento de Cundinamarca sobre el manejo y desarrollo de tecnología en poscosecha (http://www.siembra.gov.co/ ); y 5) se encuentra priorizada por el Plan Departamental de Extensión Agropecuaria – PDEA - 2020 - 2024 de la Gobernación de Cundinamarca. El cultivo de fresa en Colombia representa cerca del 0.064% del área total sembrada nacional (3,424 ha), ocupando el puesto 16 de los 63 cultivos de frutales que se manejan en el territorio nacional, con una producción promedio anual de 91,278 t ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Minagricultura","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Evaluaciones Agropecuarias Municipales","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8729e008-772c-4bb2-959e-2ca2c31104ab"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Minagricultura, 2021)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Minagricultura, 2021)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Minagricultura, 2021)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Minagricultura, 2021). El departamento de Cundinamarca ocupa el primer lugar por área sembrada y producción anual, con un valor de 1,638 ha y 52,480 t, respectivamente. Pese a la perspectiva promisoria del cultivo de fresa en el departamento de Cundinamarca se presentan de forma paralela problemas en la etapa de poscosecha, tales como: alta dispersión de precios por la variabilidad en la calidad de los fruto, alta manipulación del fruto en la cadena de suministro y desconocimiento de los flujos de abastecimiento desde origen hasta el destino ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"La Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá (CCB) a través de la Vicepresidencia de Fortalecimiento Empresarial (VFE), ofrece servicios que promueven la formalización, el emprendimiento, la internacionalización, la innovación, el apoyo al sector agroindustrial, y la formación e in- formación empresarial. Para acceder a estos servicios el empresario o emprendedor realiza un autodiagnóstico empresarial con el objetivo de identificar sus necesida- des empresariales; a partir de la información recogida se construye una ruta de servicios acorde a las necesida- des identificadas y dirigida al fortalecimiento y mejora continua de las empresas, buscando alcanzar una mayor competitividad en el mercado.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"1-54","title":"Manual de fresa","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4da225aa-6150-4b37-914a-771935052430"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baquero","given":"Andrés Francisco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Giraldo","given":"Marcela Giraldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kappaz","given":"Alejandro Guarín","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"Análisis de la cadena de suministro de frutas y verduras para Bogotá D.C.","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0d496978-7203-4535-ac47-7bcd9176cfb1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Baquero, Giraldo, & Kappaz, 2010; Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá, 2015)","manualFormatting":"(Baquero et al., 2010; Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá, 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Baquero, Giraldo, & Kappaz, 2010; Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Baquero, Giraldo, & Kappaz, 2010; Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Baquero et al., 2010; Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá, 2015). Los efectos más representativos de estos problemas son la inestabilidad económica de los productores, la inequitativa distribución de la rentabilidad entre los actores, la dificultad para medir el desempeño de la CSA y por consiguiente complejidad para definir estrategias de mejoramiento de los procesos logístico y la generación de altas pérdidas y desperdicios del producto en fresco ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Corredor Tecnológico Agroindustrial - CTA","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Evaluación de tecnologías innovadoras para el manejo integral de los cultivos de mango, naranja y mandarina en zonas productoras del departamento de Cundinamarca","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=555a47b5-b06e-4121-8a7e-7ee5213f7667"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rey-Ángel","given":"Jorge-Emilio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Plan de Desarrollo de Cundinamarca 2016-2020","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6e038cd7-b588-4974-bc96-0fb830efaec6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Corredor Tecnológico Agroindustrial - CTA, 2016; Rey-Ángel, 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Corredor Tecnológico Agroindustrial - CTA, 2016; Rey-Ángel, 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Corredor Tecnológico Agroindustrial - CTA, 2016; Rey-Ángel, 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Corredor Tecnológico Agroindustrial - CTA, 2016; Rey-Ángel, 2016). Con el panorama descrito de la CSA de fresa en Cundinamarca, surgió la inquietud de cuál ha sido el avance en investigación para dar solución a este tipo de problemáticas en las operaciones poscosecha haciendo uso de tecnologías emergentes. Se aborda el tema de tecnologías emergentes, en especial las tecnologías digitales porque tal como se afirma en el Plan de Abastecimiento Alimentario de la Región Central RAP-E ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Región Central RAP-E","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Plan de Abastecimiento Alimentario","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1cd568a6-d9fa-4964-adaf-3d42a2e37c4e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Región Central RAP-E, 2020)","manualFormatting":"(2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Región Central RAP-E, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Región Central RAP-E, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(2020) (del cual el departamento de Cundinamarca hace parte), las tecnología digitales como IoT, Machine Learning, Big Data y Blockchain son una estrategia a nivel científico, empresarial y de política pública. La RAP-E asegura que las tecnologías digitales a través de la intercomunicación entre dispositivos, el aprendizaje autónomo y el manejo de gran cantidad de datos en tiempo real, permite la predicción de escenarios, la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías, la trazabilidad a lo largo de la CSA, la estructuración y puesta en marcha de sistema de información y la migración hacia tecnologías que reduzcan el impacto ambiental de la actividad logística y de las pérdidas de alimentos. Complementando lo anterior, mediante una revisión de literatura publicada entre el 2007 y 2021 en la base de datos SCOPUS, se evidenció que de un total de 97 artículos apenas el 11% aplica algún tipo de tecnología digital para gestionar el desempeño de una CSA. Esta gestión se refiere a la medición y seguimiento del estado de propiedades fisicoquímicas para facilitar las siguientes decisiones logísticas: identificación de puntos críticos de control de calidad, coordinación del inventario entre los actores, conocimiento de la dinámica de los flujos de abastecimiento y priorización de programas, planes y proyectos de inversión pública en el sector logístico y agropecuario ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"This study reviews the green supply chain management (GSCM) literature and proposes a comprehensive view of the structural associations amongst the GSCM factors, viz. drivers, practice indicators and performance measures. The HistCite software was used to perform bibliometric citation meta-analysis on a sample of 1523 articles, obtained from the ISI Web of Science database. Influential journals, institutions, and trending articles in the GSCM research are revealed. Co-citation analysis coupled with content analysis of the 39 most cited articles identified six underlying research streams, namely (a) conceptual development and sense-making, (b) GSCM impact on performance, (c) integration of green and sustainable operations in the supply chain, (d) green supplier development, (e) GSCM implementation drivers, and (f) review and future research directions. This further led to proposing a comprehensive conceptual framework with logically grouped factors, and directing relationships among the groups. Finally, future research directions claimed by the trending articles in the field were aligned with the findings of the key papers, and an approach to perform non-myopic GSCM research in the future is suggested.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maditati","given":"Dhanavanth Reddy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Munim","given":"Ziaul Haque","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schramm","given":"Hans Joachim","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kummer","given":"Sebastian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"150-162","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"A review of green supply chain management: From bibliometric analysis to a conceptual framework and future research directions","type":"article-journal","volume":"139"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d3caf9c7-565b-4c7f-8689-d4ea33330ae5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Maditati, Munim, Schramm, & Kummer, 2018)","manualFormatting":"(Maditati et al., 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Maditati, Munim, Schramm, & Kummer, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Maditati, Munim, Schramm, & Kummer, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Maditati et al., 2018). Centrándose en la CSA de fresa, se encontró mediante otra revisión de literatura publicada entre 2010 y 2022 en la base de datos SCOPUS que, de 183 artículos identificados el 16% están directamente relacionados con la aplicación de tecnologías digitales en la CSA de fresa. Dado que el proyecto de investigación se enfoca en la medición del efecto acumulado en la calidad poscosecha como mecanismo para la evaluación del desempeño de la CSA de fresa, fue necesario identificar las propiedades de calidad que se evalúan y la tecnología digital usada en la literatura científica. Si identificó que la simulación se usa para determinar el 90% de las propiedades de calidad reportadas en literatura, las imágenes por infrarrojo cercano para el 23%, los sistemas ciberfísicos (integración de sensores de temperatura, humedad y/o concentración de gases con modelos de cinética de degradación) para el 13% y Machine Learning para el 10%. El uso de técnicas de Machine Learning en fresa ha sido reciente data del año 2020, además se enfoca en la predicción de la vida útil y algunas propiedades fisicoquímicas como pérdida de peso, color, composición de gases en almacenamiento, aspecto visual y firmeza. Además, se evidenció que la propiedad más evaluada es el indicador denominado Vida Útil Residual (RSL por sus siglas en inglés) en el 40% de los artículos. El RSL es la medida del tiempo entre un momento particular y el tiempo máximo que el fruto cumple con los requerimientos organolépticos del mercado antes que sea considerado como no conforme y por consiguiente desechado ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100525","ISSN":"22142894","abstract":"The physiological behaviour of fresh horticultural produce such as respiration and transpiration affects its quality and shelf life. Several studies have reported the models for shelf life prediction of packaged and non-packaged fruits and vegetables; however, while including a single quality parameter. Fluctuations in storage conditions add further complexity to the physiological processes. In this study, an integrated mathematical modelling for shelf life prediction of strawberry based on respiration and transpiration was developed and validated under realistic supply chain conditions. The model simultaneously considered three indices: microbial deterioration, mass loss and cumulative CO2 production after harvest as a guide to predict shelf-life of packaged and non-packaged strawberries. The model was found to be useful to simulate the shelf life of strawberries under modified atmosphere packaging and open tray conditions under varying temperature and humidity as normally observed in the supply chain. Deterioration based shelf life for strawberry was 10.8 d under MAP condition as compared to 9.5 d in open tray. Mass loss based shelf life for strawberry was 8.0 d for MAP condition as compared to 2.3 d in open tray. The cumulative CO2 produced up to the keeping quality was varying in a narrow range of 6.09 ± 0.21 g kg−1, in spite of different perforation diameters and storage temperatures. The proposed model will enable optimization of supply chain and making advices to all role players, including growers, traders and consumers.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jalali","given":"Ali","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Linke","given":"Manfred","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Geyer","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"Mahajan","given":"Pramod","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"May","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"100525","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Shelf life prediction model for strawberry based on respiration and transpiration processes","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=460ddfdd-4975-4846-95b8-f5961f4568fc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Jalali, Linke, Geyer, & Mahajan, 2020)","manualFormatting":"(Jalali et al., 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Jalali, Linke, Geyer, & Mahajan, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Jalali, Linke, Geyer, & Mahajan, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Jalali et al., 2020). El RSL es una medida simple de realizar además que se puede identificar con base en métodos no destructivos como Machine Learning ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/10942912.2020.1716793","ISSN":"15322386","abstract":"In this study, visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral imaging was used for the nondestructive detection of storage time of strawberries. Storage time was calculated immediately after freshly picking. Support vector machine (SVM) with multiplicative scatter correction can differentiate strawberries of different storage time with an accuracy of 100%. Then, the model developed by partial least square regression with full-range spectra was used to predict the storage time of strawberries with a determination coefficient of prediction (Rp2) of 0.9999 and root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.0721, and deviation was small at different periods. With the spectra of 10 important wavelengths obtained by uninformative variable elimination, the SVM model obtained relatively acceptable results with Rp2 of 0.9943 and RMSEP of 1.3213. The prediction experiments for the separately picked strawberry samples also got the similar results. Finally, distribution maps of storage time generated based on the pixel-wise spectra and established model clearly show the quality transformation of the strawberries.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Weng","given":"Shizhuang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yu","given":"Shuan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dong","given":"Ronglu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pan","given":"Fangfang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liang","given":"Dong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Food Properties","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"269-281","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Nondestructive detection of storage time of strawberries using visible/near-infrared hyperspectral imaging","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=36ada8af-a7dd-489d-a009-819341575540"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Weng, Yu, Dong, Pan, & Liang, 2020)","manualFormatting":"(Weng et al., 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Weng, Yu, Dong, Pan, & Liang, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Weng, Yu, Dong, Pan, & Liang, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Weng et al., 2020). Otras propiedades de calidad importantes, de las más trabajadas en la literatura sobre poscosecha de fresa son: pérdida de peso (30%), modelos de decaimiento de calidad (20%), tasa de respiración (20%), color (20%), sólidos solubles totales en °Brix (20%), composición de gases (17%) y transpiración (17%). En síntesis, la CSA de fresa despierta interés para la investigación dadas las complejidades que diariamente viven los actores de la cadena, además de ser un producto altamente perecedero con muchas necesidades tecnológicas en el contexto de Cundinamarca. Asimismo, como se argumentó existe un vacío en el conocimiento sobre la aplicación de tecnologías digitales en la medición o predicción de propiedades de los frutos como el RSL o algunas fisicoquímicas, mediante métodos no destructivos, para contar con un insumo que permita la toma de decisiones y lograr un mejor desempeño logístico. Entre las principales decisiones logísticas que hoy en día se dificultan esta la identificación de puntos críticos de control de calidad con enfoque a la trazabilidad y la priorización de programas, planes y proyectos de inversión pública en el sector logístico y agropecuario. Es de ahí que surge como pregunta de investigación ¿cómo se puede facilitar la toma de decisiones logísticas para garantizar el menor impacto sobre la calidad de frutos de fresa en el departamento de Cundinamarca teniendo en cuenta la predicción del RSL y algunas propiedades fisicoquímicas soportándose en técnicas de Machine Learning? Vale aclarar que hasta el momento ya se cuentan con algunos avances en la construcción del algoritmo de Machine Learning. Se construyó una cámara para la adquisición de las imágenes acorde al diseño de Choi et al. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104071","ISSN":"08891575","abstract":"Deterioration in the appearance of strawberries is attributed to rapid metabolic changes, cellular damage, and softening occurring during their distribution and storage. To quickly and non-destructively monitor the external quality of strawberries, recognition models based on 750 Red Green Blue (RGB) image classifications and using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were developed. A model using eight configurations was used to compare the discrimination accuracies according to the following variables: training–test set distributions, number of learning images, and number of epochs. Strawberry samples were classified as fresh, bruised, or moldy. According to our validation results, training the model with 90 % of the image data ensured a high learning performance. Using our test dataset, we found that the accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity of the model reached 97 %. In the feature map derived from convolutional layers, the bruised and moldy areas of the strawberry were also identified. Together, these results suggest that CNNs have potential use in the non-destructive monitoring of quality changes in the food industry.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Choi","given":"Ji Young","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Seo","given":"Kwangwon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cho","given":"Jeong Seok","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Moon","given":"Kwang Deog","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Food Composition and Analysis","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"July","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"104071","publisher":"Elsevier Inc.","title":"Applying convolutional neural networks to assess the external quality of strawberries","type":"article-journal","volume":"102"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=44063efe-62fc-49c3-b4d3-b67d3dc49075"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Choi, Seo, Cho, & Moon, 2021)","manualFormatting":"(2021)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Choi, Seo, Cho, & Moon, 2021)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Choi, Seo, Cho, & Moon, 2021)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(2021). Se hizo un montaje para simular las condiciones de almacenamiento en poscosecha durante 96 h donde se recolectaron 2,176 imágenes de los frutos con una cámara digital. También se construyó un modelo de red neural para predecir el tiempo en poscosecha de las imágenes recolectadas y se experimentó con la variación de algunos parámetros de la red como número de capas, función de activación y número de neuronas. Del experimento el mejor resultado fue una precisión en la predicción del 40.15%, por lo cual, se hizo una revisión de literatura para identificar otros modelos o arquitecturas de la red que se han usado para aumentar la predicción. Por lo anterior, actualmente se están utilizando técnicas como Support Vector Machine y kmeans ++ que aumentan la predicción a la vez que reducen el tiempo de cómputo. Estos resultados se presentarán como ponencia y poster en el IV Encuentro Nacional de Estudiantes de Doctorado en Ingeniería entre el 14 y 16 de septiembre de 2022. Finalmente, se resalta que el proyecto de investigación hace parte de la Tesis Doctoral titulada “Diseño de una cadena de suministro agroalimentaria integral de productos perecederos en el departamento de Cundinamarca”.