Evaluación de la dinámica metabólica de la microalga Galdieria USBA-GBX-832 cultivada en heterotrofia y mixotrofia para la producción de metabolitos de interés para el sector cosmecéutico

Los estudios previos realizados en la microalga termoacidófila Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832, aislada de aguas termales del PNN Los Nevados en Colombia, revelan su amplia versatilidad metabólica y su capacidad para producir extractos ricos en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, esfingolípidos, fosfolípidos, terpenoides y pigmentos, los cuales presentan actividad biológica antioxidante. Esto demuestra que esta microalga podría ser utilizada para la producción de metabolitos aprovechables en la industria cosmecéutica. Para aprovechar el potencial biotecnológico de este organismo como biofábrica de metabolitos, es importante dilucidar las redes metabólicas asociadas con la acumulación de estos en diferentes condiciones de cultivo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este proyecto doctoral es analizar la respuesta transcriptómica y metabólica de Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 cultivada en heterotrofia y mixotrofía. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se realizará la comparación de los perfiles de expresión génica y el análisis metabolómico de Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 en cultivos heterotroficos y mixotroficos y finalmente, se realizará un análisis de correlación de los genes expresados con los metabolitos producidos en respuesta a las condiciones de cultivo evaluadas. Se espera ampliar el conocimiento de la biología de este organismo extremófilo y dilucidar las rutas metabólicas asociadas con la acumulación de metabolitos de interés cosmecéutico, resultados que serán las base para futuros estudios dirigidos a controlar la producción y acumulación de estos en Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 y producirlos a mayor escala. Justificación y planteamiento del problema Las microalgas son un diverso grupo de microorganismos que habitan ecosistemas acuáticos y terrestres ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s40071-017-0168-z","ISBN":"4007101701","ISSN":"2008-4935","abstract":"Microalgae have high nutritional values for aquatic organisms compared to fish meal, because microalgae cells are rich in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. However, the high cost for the commercial production of microalgae biomass using fresh water or artificial media limits its use as fish feed. Few studies have investigated the potential of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater for the production of microalgae biomass. Hence, this study aims to highlight the potential of these types of wastewater as an alternative superior medium for microalgae biomass as they contain high levels of nutrients required for microalgae growth. This paper focuses on the benefits of microalgae biomass produced during the phycoremediation of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater as fish feed. The extraction techniques for lipids and proteins as well as the studies conducted on the use of microalgae biomass as fish feed were reviewed. The results showed that microalgae biomass can be used as fish feed due to feed utilisation efficiency, physiological activity, increased resistance for several diseases, improved stress response, and improved protein retention.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maizatul","given":"A. Y.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Radin Mohamed","given":"Radin Maya Saphira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Al-Gheethi","given":"Adel A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hashim","given":"M. K. Amir","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Aquatic Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","9","24"]]},"page":"177-193","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","title":"An overview of the utilisation of microalgae biomass derived from nutrient recycling of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8c6f838b-d4d9-4c69-a1e8-eb7618f6c959"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121890","ISSN":"09608524","abstract":"In recent impetus of phycological research, microalgae have emerged as a potential candidate for various arena of application-driven research. Omics-based tactics are used for disentangling the regulation and network integration for biosynthesis/degradation of metabolic precursors, intermediates, end products, and identifying the networks that regulate the metabolic flux. Multi-omics coupled with data analytics have facilitated understanding of biological processes and allow ample access to diverse metabolic pathways utilized for genetic manipulations making microalgal factories more efficient. The present review discusses state-of-art “Algomics” and the prospect of microalgae and their role in symbiotic association by using omics approaches including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Microalgal based uni- and multi-omics approaches are critically analyzed in wastewater treatment, metal toxicity and remediation, biofuel production, and therapeutics to provide an imminent outlook for an array of environmentally sustainable and economically viable microalgal applications.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mishra","given":"Arti","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Medhi","given":"Kristina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Malaviya","given":"Piyush","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thakur","given":"Indu Shekhar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Bioresource Technology","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019","11"]]},"page":"121890","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Omics approaches for microalgal applications: Prospects and challenges","type":"article-journal","volume":"291"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=09b6c4e0-8f9b-4554-96c8-13278dc8046c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(1,2)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(1,2)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(1,2)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(1,2). El metabolismo principal de estos organismos es fotoautotrófico, sin embargo, dependiendo de la especie pueden crecer de forma heterotrófica y mixotrófica. Esta plasticidad metabólica les permite producir una amplia variedad de biomoléculas de interés biotecnológico como lípidos, carbohidratos, proteínas y pigmentos que pueden ser aprovechados en industrias como la farmacéutica y la cosmecéutica ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3389/fmicb.2016.00546","ISSN":"1664-302X","abstract":"Microalgal species are potential resource of both biofuels and high-value metabolites, and their production is growth dependent. Growth parameters can be screened for the selection of novel microalgal species that produce molecules of interest. In this context our review confirms that, autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms have demonstrated a dual potential, namely the ability to produce lipids as well as value-added products (particularly carotenoids) under influence of various physico-chemical stresses on microalgae. Some species of microalgae can synthesize, besides some pigments, very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VL-PUFA, >20C) such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, those have significant applications in food and health. Producing value-added by-products in addition to biofuels, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and lipids has the potential to improve microalgae-based biorefineries by employing either the autotrophic or the heterotrophic mode, which could be an offshoot of biotechnology. The review considers the potential of microalgae to produce a range of products and indicates future directions for developing suitable criteria for choosing novel isolates through bioprospecting large gene pool of microalga obtained from various habitats and climatic conditions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Minhas","given":"Amritpreet K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hodgson","given":"Peter","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barrow","given":"Colin J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adholeya","given":"Alok","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"MAY","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016","5","3"]]},"page":"1-19","title":"A Review on the Assessment of Stress Conditions for Simultaneous Production of Microalgal Lipids and Carotenoids","type":"article-journal","volume":"7"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=152384a6-0e2e-42f9-b66b-0a818ff6be3a"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.100322","ISSN":"13895567","abstract":"The apparent increase in solar ultraviolet (UV) radiations on the Earth's surface, due to continuous depletion or diminishing of the stratospheric ozone shield has triggered serious ecological as well as biological consequences on several life-forms, including microalgae. UV radiation tends to damage the key cellular machinery, cells may adapt by developing several defense mechanisms as a response to such damage; otherwise, the cellular destiny is cell-death. Since microalgae are one of the primary biotic components, any drastic effects caused by UV radiation may imbalance the entire ecosystems. However, survival of microalgae under billions of years of fluctuating environmental changes has pressurized them to develop a number of tolerance mechanisms against environmental UV stress. The high resilience of the microalgal community in the face of UV stress is attributed to the activation of several photo/dark repair mechanisms, antioxidant systems, and biosynthesis of UV-photoprotectants such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), scytonemin (Scy), carotenoids and polyamines. The focus of this review underlies an overview of various resilience mechanisms adopted by microalgae, by which cells are able to survive under UV stressed environment. Moreover, the current progress on genetic engineering to enhance the survival of microalgae in response to intense solar UV radiation has also been conferred.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rastogi","given":"Rajesh P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Madamwar","given":"Datta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nakamoto","given":"Hitoshi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Incharoensakdi","given":"Aran","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020","6"]]},"page":"100322","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Resilience and self-regulation processes of microalgae under UV radiation stress","type":"article-journal","volume":"43"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1a58e427-36e7-4f7d-891c-db8aa0070530"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(3,4)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(3,4)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(3,4)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(3,4). En la búsqueda de cepas para producción de metabolitos a mayor escala, las microalgas extremófilas han demostrado potencial biotecnológico y en particular el género Galdieria se destaca entre estos organismos por sus características metabólicas ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.012","ISSN":"13595113","abstract":"Extremophile microalgae are potential candidates for large-scale production because the extreme growth conditions help avoiding contamination, especially in open pond reactors. Considering the role of microalgae cultivation in integrated production systems, especially reusing wastewater and gaseous effluents, the search for new potential strains is of great value. The microalga Galdieria sulphuraria is able to grow both in acidic (pH 0–4) and high-temperature environments (45–56 °C). It is of great interest in biology and biotechnology because is considered one of the oldest eukaryotes on Earth and can be used to produce biomolecules. A bibliometric study identified 3 main areas of study about this microalga: genetics (genome sequencing, horizontal gene transfer), bioactive molecules (phycocyanin, specific branched glycogen, and antioxidants) and wastewater treatment (removal of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals). A critical analysis of the advances on the scientific knowledge about G. suplhuraria indicates that the combination of (i) polyextremophile conditions for growth, (ii) metabolic versatility, (iii) removal of nutrients/metals from wastewaters and (iv) production of high value-added products makes this microalga a potential candidate for large scale production in integrated and sustainable systems.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sydney","given":"Eduardo Bittencourt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schafranski","given":"Kathlyn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barretti","given":"Barbara Ruivo Valio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sydney","given":"Alessandra Cristine Novak","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zimmerman","given":"Jéssika Fernandes D’Arc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cerri","given":"Maria Luísa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mottin Demiate","given":"Ivo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Process Biochemistry","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"Biomolecules from extremophile microalgae: From genetics to bioprocessing of a new candidate for large-scale production","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9c66967e-65a4-351b-b9d2-ea38657922c2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(5)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(5)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(5)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(5). El género Galdieria agrupa organismos poliextremófilos capaces de crecer en ambientes ácidos, temperaturas elevadas, altas concentraciones de sal y metales pesados. Actualmente, se conocen pocos microorganismos fotosintéticos que habiten en esta combinación de condiciones extremas ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.012","ISSN":"13595113","abstract":"Extremophile microalgae are potential candidates for large-scale production because the extreme growth conditions help avoiding contamination, especially in open pond reactors. Considering the role of microalgae cultivation in integrated production systems, especially reusing wastewater and gaseous effluents, the search for new potential strains is of great value. The microalga Galdieria sulphuraria is able to grow both in acidic (pH 0–4) and high-temperature environments (45–56 °C). It is of great interest in biology and biotechnology because is considered one of the oldest eukaryotes on Earth and can be used to produce biomolecules. A bibliometric study identified 3 main areas of study about this microalga: genetics (genome sequencing, horizontal gene transfer), bioactive molecules (phycocyanin, specific branched glycogen, and antioxidants) and wastewater treatment (removal of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals). A critical analysis of the advances on the scientific knowledge about G. suplhuraria indicates that the combination of (i) polyextremophile conditions for growth, (ii) metabolic versatility, (iii) removal of nutrients/metals from wastewaters and (iv) production of high value-added products makes this microalga a potential candidate for large scale production in integrated and sustainable systems.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sydney","given":"Eduardo Bittencourt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schafranski","given":"Kathlyn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barretti","given":"Barbara Ruivo Valio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sydney","given":"Alessandra Cristine Novak","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zimmerman","given":"Jéssika Fernandes D.Arc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cerri","given":"Maria Luísa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mottin Demiate","given":"Ivo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Process Biochemistry","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"August","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019","12"]]},"page":"37-44","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Biomolecules from extremophile microalgae: From genetics to bioprocessing of a new candidate for large-scale production","type":"article-journal","volume":"87"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=29ec14c1-3971-44a0-b95f-e3ca3e932863"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02180.x","ISSN":"09621083","PMID":"15189206","abstract":"The Cyanidiales is a group of asexual, unicellular red algae, which thrive in acidic and high temperature conditions around hot springs. These unicellular taxa have a relatively simple morphology and are currently classified into three genera, Cyanidium, Cyanidioschyzon and Galdieria. Little is known, however, about the biodiversity of Cyanidiales, their population structure and their phylogenetic relationships. Here we used a taxonomically broadly sampled three-gene data set of plastid sequences to infer a robust phylogenetic framework for the Cyanidiales. The phylogenetic analyses support the existence of at least four distinct Cyanidiales lineage: the Galdieria spp. lineage (excluding Galdieria maxima), the Cyanidium caldarium lineage, a novel monophyletic lineage of mesophilic Cyanidium spp. and the Cyanidioschyzon merolae plus Galdieria maxima lineage. Our analyses do not support the notion of a mesophilic ancestry of the Cyanidiales and suggest that these algae were ancestrally thermo-acidotolerant. We also used environmental polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the rbcL gene to sample Cyanidiales biodiversity at five ecologically distinct sites at Pisciarelli in the Phlegrean Fields in Italy. This analysis showed a high level of sequence divergence among Cyanidiales species and the partitioning of taxa based on environmental conditions. Our research revealed an unexpected level of genetic diversity among Cyanidiales that revises current thinking about the phylogeny and biodiversity of this group. We predict that future environmental PCR studies will significantly augment known biodiversity that we have discovered and demonstrate the Cyanidiales to be a species-rich branch of red algal evolution.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"CINIGLIA","given":"CLAUDIA","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"YOON","given":"HWAN SU","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"POLLIO","given":"ANTONINO","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"PINTO","given":"GABRIELE","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"BHATTACHARYA","given":"DEBASHISH","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Molecular Ecology","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004","5","20"]]},"page":"1827-1838","title":"Hidden biodiversity of the extremophilic Cyanidiales red algae","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=659c4d0f-746a-47db-b3d4-9fc1fc3d9b59"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.1231707","ISSN":"0036-8075","abstract":"Some microbial eukaryotes, such as the extremophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria, live in hot, toxic metal-rich, acidic environments. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of adaptation, we sequenced the 13.7-megabase genome of G. sulphuraria . This alga shows an enormous metabolic flexibility, growing either photoautotrophically or heterotrophically on more than 50 carbon sources. Environmental adaptation seems to have been facilitated by horizontal gene transfer from various bacteria and archaea, often followed by gene family expansion. At least 5% of protein-coding genes of G. sulphuraria were probably acquired horizontally. These proteins are involved in ecologically important processes ranging from heavy-metal detoxification to glycerol uptake and metabolism. Thus, our findings show that a pan-domain gene pool has facilitated environmental adaptation in this unicellular eukaryote.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schonknecht","given":"G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chen","given":"W.-H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ternes","given":"Chad M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barbier","given":"Guillaume G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shrestha","given":"Roshan P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stanke","given":"Mario","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brautigam","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baker","given":"Brett J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Banfield","given":"Jillian F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garavito","given":"R. Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carr","given":"Kevin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wilkerson","given":"Curtis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rensing","given":"Stefan A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gagneul","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dickenson","given":"Nicholas E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oesterhelt","given":"Christine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lercher","given":"Martin J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Weber","given":"A. P. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"6124","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013","3","8"]]},"page":"1207-1210","title":"Gene Transfer from Bacteria and Archaea Facilitated Evolution of an Extremophilic Eukaryote","type":"article-journal","volume":"339"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fb8fc51b-4977-4c1c-b2aa-1a7361cf281b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(6–8)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(6–8)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(6–8)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(6–8). En los últimos años, los investigadores de la Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA) en la búsqueda de microorganismos extremófilos aislaron una microalga de aguas termales ácidas identificada como Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832. El grupo se ha centrado en estudiar los metabolitos secundarios de la microalga y en la estandarización de la producción de extractos con acumulación de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI), acilglicéridos, fosfolípidos, esteroles, terpenoides, flavonoides y carotenoides indicando su potencial en la producción de metabolitos aprovechables en la industria cosmecéutica ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-019-46645-3","ISSN":"2045-2322","abstract":"A search for extremophile organisms producing bioactive compounds led us to isolate a microalga identified as Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 from acidic thermal springs. We have cultured Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 under autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions and determined variations of its production of biomass, lipids and PUFAs. Greatest biomass and PUFA production occurred under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, but the highest concentration of lipids occurred under autotrophic conditions. Effects of variations of carbon sources and temperature on biomass and lipid production were evaluated and factorial experiments were used to analyze the effects of substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and organic and inorganic nitrogen on biomass production, lipids and PUFAs. Production of biomass and lipids was significantly dependent on temperature and substrate concentration. Greatest accumulation of PUFAs occurred at the lowest temperature tested. PUFA profiles showed trace concentrations of arachidonic acid (C20:4) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5). This is the first time synthesis of these acids has been reported in Galdieria. These findings demonstrate that under heterotrophic conditions this microalga’s lipid profile is significantly different from those observed in other species of this genus which indicates that the culture conditions evaluated are key determinants of these organisms’ responses to stress conditions and accumulation of these metabolites.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"López","given":"Gina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yate","given":"Camilo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ramos","given":"Freddy A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cala","given":"Mónica P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Restrepo","given":"Silvia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baena","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Scientific Reports","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019","12","25"]]},"page":"10791","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","title":"Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Lipids from Autotrophic, Mixotrophic and Heterotrophic cultivation of Galdieria sp. strain USBA-GBX-832","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9a3cc5a7-fb35-384a-8ab4-2c35b8d4ed6a"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"Informe final de Investigación","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lopez","given":"Gina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baena","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"Evaluación de Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 microalga termoacidófila, como biofábrica decompuestos bioactivos como terpenoides, tocoferoles y pigmentos. Informe final de Investigación.","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1e4a3500-788a-49d2-872e-bea63cf8ced9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(9,10)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(9,10)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(9,10)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(9,10). De igual forma, se cuenta con el genoma secuenciado y anotado de esta microalga, lo que permitió obtener el primer modelo metabólico a escala genómica que reconstruyó las rutas biosintéticas de los AGPI de cadena larga ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"García Ardila","given":"Adrián Esteban","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"publisher":"Pontificia Universidad Javeriana","title":"Evaluation of the thermoacidophilic microalga Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 as a biofactory of PUFAs using a genome-scale metabolic model. Trabajo de grado.","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=daa7ab95-b274-48b0-aa20-db563f41430e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(11)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(11)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(11)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(11), compuestos que no se habían descrito para este género. También se logró identificar que en heterotrofia y mixotrofía se favorece el crecimiento de la microalga, y que a través de un sistema de cultivo secuencial ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1186/s13068-018-1275-9","ISSN":"1754-6834","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sun","given":"Xiao Man","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ren","given":"Lu Jing","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhao","given":"Quan Yu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ji","given":"Xiao Jun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"He","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Biotechnology for Biofuels","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-16","publisher":"BioMed Central","title":"Biotechnology for Biofuels Microalgae for the production of lipid and carotenoids : a review with focus on stress regulation and adaptation","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8a37d666-a6a2-4e29-a45c-5f5dce5c2717"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(12)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(12)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(12)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(12) se alcanza mayor acumulación de metabolitos como lípidos y carotenoides ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Informe final de Investigación","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lopez","given":"Gina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baena","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"Evaluación de Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 microalga termoacidófila, como biofábrica decompuestos bioactivos como terpenoides, tocoferoles y pigmentos. Informe final de Investigación.","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1e4a3500-788a-49d2-872e-bea63cf8ced9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(10)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(10)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(10)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(10). A pesar de estos estudios previos aún no se ha estudiado cómo las condiciones de cultivo inciden en la acumulación de metabolitos de interés biotecnológico en Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 al activar o inhibir vías metabólicas. Por lo tanto, para aprovechar el potencial biotecnológico de este organismo como biofábrica de metabolitos para el sector cosmecéutico, es importante dilucidar las redes metabólicas asociadas con la acumulación de esos metabolitos en heterotrofia y mixotrofía, que son las condiciones favorables para el crecimiento de la microalga, así como para la producción de lípidos y carotenoides. Por lo anterior, este trabajo doctoral busca dar respuesta a la pregunta ¿Cómo es la dinámica metabólica de Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX 832 cultivada heterotrofia y mixotrofía para producción de metabolitos de interés para el sector cosmecéutico? Este conocimiento permitiría a futuro desarrollar estudios dirigidos a controlar qué compuestos se acumulan en la célula y a producirlos a mayor escala. Este trabajo doctoral fortalecerá la investigación sobre el aprovechamiento de la biodiversidad utilizando particularmente un recurso biológico, la microalga Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832, y los principales resultados obtenidos serán sometidos a publicación en una revista indexada. Marco conceptual Las microalgas son un diverso grupo de microorganismos eucariotas multi y unicelulares, de morfologías variadas y tamaños que oscilan entre 1 µm a 2 m (1,2). Pueden desarrollarse solos o en asociación simbiótica con otros organismos y habitan en ecosistemas acuáticos y terrestres como océanos, lagos, ríos, suelos y superficies rocosas ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.100322","ISSN":"13895567","abstract":"The apparent increase in solar ultraviolet (UV) radiations on the Earth's surface, due to continuous depletion or diminishing of the stratospheric ozone shield has triggered serious ecological as well as biological consequences on several life-forms, including microalgae. UV radiation tends to damage the key cellular machinery, cells may adapt by developing several defense mechanisms as a response to such damage; otherwise, the cellular destiny is cell-death. Since microalgae are one of the primary biotic components, any drastic effects caused by UV radiation may imbalance the entire ecosystems. However, survival of microalgae under billions of years of fluctuating environmental changes has pressurized them to develop a number of tolerance mechanisms against environmental UV stress. The high resilience of the microalgal community in the face of UV stress is attributed to the activation of several photo/dark repair mechanisms, antioxidant systems, and biosynthesis of UV-photoprotectants such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), scytonemin (Scy), carotenoids and polyamines. The focus of this review underlies an overview of various resilience mechanisms adopted by microalgae, by which cells are able to survive under UV stressed environment. Moreover, the current progress on genetic engineering to enhance the survival of microalgae in response to intense solar UV radiation has also been conferred.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rastogi","given":"Rajesh P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Madamwar","given":"Datta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nakamoto","given":"Hitoshi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Incharoensakdi","given":"Aran","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020","6"]]},"page":"100322","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Resilience and self-regulation processes of microalgae under UV radiation stress","type":"article-journal","volume":"43"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1a58e427-36e7-4f7d-891c-db8aa0070530"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/cells10020393","ISSN":"2073-4409","PMID":"33673015","abstract":"Microalgae can be used as a source of alternative food, animal feed, biofuel, fertilizer, cosmetics, nutraceuticals and for pharmaceutical purposes. The extraction of organic constituents from microalgae cultivated in the different nutrient compositions is influenced by microalgal growth rates, biomass yield and nutritional content in terms of lipid and fatty acid production. In this context, nutrient composition plays an important role in microalgae cultivation, and depletion and excessive sources of this nutrient might affect the quality of biomass. Investigation on the role of nitrogen and phosphorus, which are crucial for the growth of algae, has been addressed. However, there are challenges for enhancing nutrient utilization efficiently for large scale microalgae cultivation. Hence, this study aims to highlight the level of nitrogen and phosphorus required for microalgae cultivation and focuses on the benefits of nitrogen and phosphorus for increasing biomass productivity of microalgae for improved lipid and fatty acid quantities. Furthermore, the suitable extraction methods that can be used to utilize lipid and fatty acids from microalgae for biofuel have also been reviewed.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yaakob","given":"Maizatul Azrina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mohamed","given":"Radin Maya Saphira Radin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Al-Gheethi","given":"Adel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aswathnarayana Gokare","given":"Ravishankar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ambati","given":"Ranga Rao","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Cells","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021","2","14"]]},"page":"393","title":"Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Microalgal Growth, Biomass, Lipid, and Fatty Acid Production: An Overview","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8dfe04a1-2925-4fac-b718-68dfd19f631f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(4,13)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(4,13)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(4,13)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(4,13). Son organismos fotoautótrofos, sin embargo, dependiendo de la especie también pueden crecer de forma heterotrófica y mixotrófica ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/chemv.201500106","ISSN":"21903735","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Derwenskus","given":"Felix","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holdmann","given":"Andrea Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ChemViews","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Microalgae – Underestimated All-Rounders","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a167cb72-912f-43a0-9a4e-eefe597f0fa0"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3389/fenrg.2020.00213","ISSN":"2296-598X","abstract":"The need to reduce the CO2 footprint of human activities calls for the utilization of new means of production and new sources of products. Microalgae are a very promising source of a large variety of products, from fuels to chemicals for multiple industrial applications (e.g., dyes, pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, food and feed, new materials for high tech manufacture), and for processes such as wastewater treatment. Algae, as photosynthetic organisms, use light to energize the synthesis of organic matter and differently from most terrestrial plants, can be cultured on land that is not used for crop production. We describe the main factors contributing to microalgae productivity in artificial cultivation systems and discuss the research areas that still need investigation in order to pave the way to the generation of photosynthetic cell factories. We shall comment on the main caveats of the possible mode of improving photosynthetic efficiency and to optimize the partitioning of fixed C to products of commercial relevance. We address the problem of the selection of the appropriate strain and of the consequences of their diverse physiology and culture conditions for a successful commercial application. Finally, we shall provide state of the art information on cell factories chassis by means of synthetic biology approaches to produce chemicals of interest.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gerotto","given":"Caterina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Norici","given":"Alessandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Giordano","given":"Mario","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers in Energy Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020","9","16"]]},"title":"Toward Enhanced Fixation of CO2 in Aquatic Biomass: Focus on Microalgae","type":"article-journal","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fdf1523f-04a1-462b-bb3f-7becc99b94da"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(14,15)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(14,15)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(14,15)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(14,15). Diferentes estudios señalan que los sistemas de cultivo heterotróficos y mixotróficos son más adecuados para producir altas densidades de biomasa algal y por ende para mayor acumulación de metabolitos, en comparación con cultivos autotróficos ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.12.021","ISSN":"03603199","abstract":"Microalgae have received much attention in recent years as a feedstock for producing renewable fuels. Microalgae cultivation technology is one of the main factors restricting biomass production as well as energy fuel production and bioremediation. There are four types of cultivation conditions for microalgae: photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic and photoheterotrophic cultivation. Though photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation are two common growth modes of microalgae, some microalgae can also grow better under mixotrophic condition, which may combine the advantages of autotrophic and heterotrophic and overcome the disadvantages. This review compared these growth modes of microalgae and discussed the advantages of mixotrophic mode in bioenergy production by considering the difference in growth, photosynthesis characteristic and bioenergy production. Also, the influence factors of mixotrophic cultivation and the application of mixotrophic microalgae in bioremediation are discussed, laying theoretical foundation for large scale microalgae cultivating for biomass production, bioenergy production and environmental protection.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhan","given":"Jiao","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rong","given":"Junfeng","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Qiang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"12","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"page":"8505-8517","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Mixotrophic cultivation, a preferable microalgae cultivation mode for biomass/bioenergy production, and bioremediation, advances and prospect","type":"article-journal","volume":"42"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=50662190-ffed-472e-a051-f179e2eff32a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(16)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(16)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(16)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(16, 17). Desde un punto de vista metabólico, existen grandes diferencias en las microalgas cultivadas en condiciones autótrofas, heterótrofas o mixotróficas ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s00344-020-10109-0","ISBN":"0123456789","ISSN":"0721-7595","abstract":"Despite being an autotrophic organism, Galdieria phlegrea (Galdieriaceae) has the ability to use glycerol thereby switching to heterotrophy in the dark and mixotrophy in the presence of light. To examine cellular changes during the switch to mixotrophic metabolism and finally to photoautotrophic metabolism, heterotrophic cells of G. phlegrea were exposed to light and split into two subcultures. Cells exposed only to light but cultivated in medium containing glycerol grew with a recovery time of at least 3 days. In a parallel culture, the simultaneous removal of glycerol from the culture medium and light exposure allowed Galdieria cells to rapidly recover their growth rate due to their ability to rapidly absorb ammonium from the medium. However, contrary to expectation, a higher content of total soluble protein was observed in light-exposed cells cultivated in medium containing glycerol compared to cells cultivated without glycerol. In addition, the level of Rubisco in cells exposed to light and cultivated without glycerol was higher than those in cells cultivated in medium containing glycerol, indicating full photosynthetic functionality after only 3 days of light treatment. The greater chlorophyll a content confirms that the photosynthetic activity of cells cultivated without glycerol recovers earlier than that of heterotrophic cells exposed to light but still cultivated in medium containing glycerol.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Salbitani","given":"Giovanna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cipolletta","given":"Sabrina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vona","given":"Vincenza","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martino","given":"Catello","non-dropping-particle":"Di","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carfagna","given":"Simona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Plant Growth Regulation","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021","2","8"]]},"page":"371-378","publisher":"Springer US","title":"Heterotrophic Cultures of Galdieria phlegrea Shift to Autotrophy in the Presence or Absence of Glycerol","type":"article-journal","volume":"40"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=35853c3e-86c1-4c49-945d-325ba32473aa"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(18)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(18)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(18)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(18), lo cual permite que estos organismos sean capaces de generar diversos productos bioactivos y ser reconocidos como biofábricas de los mismos. Dentro del filo Rhodophyta se agrupan las microalgas termoacidófilas del orden Cyanidiales ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02180.x","ISSN":"09621083","PMID":"15189206","abstract":"The Cyanidiales is a group of asexual, unicellular red algae, which thrive in acidic and high temperature conditions around hot springs. These unicellular taxa have a relatively simple morphology and are currently classified into three genera, Cyanidium, Cyanidioschyzon and Galdieria. Little is known, however, about the biodiversity of Cyanidiales, their population structure and their phylogenetic relationships. Here we used a taxonomically broadly sampled three-gene data set of plastid sequences to infer a robust phylogenetic framework for the Cyanidiales. The phylogenetic analyses support the existence of at least four distinct Cyanidiales lineage: the Galdieria spp. lineage (excluding Galdieria maxima), the Cyanidium caldarium lineage, a novel monophyletic lineage of mesophilic Cyanidium spp. and the Cyanidioschyzon merolae plus Galdieria maxima lineage. Our analyses do not support the notion of a mesophilic ancestry of the Cyanidiales and suggest that these algae were ancestrally thermo-acidotolerant. We also used environmental polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the rbcL gene to sample Cyanidiales biodiversity at five ecologically distinct sites at Pisciarelli in the Phlegrean Fields in Italy. This analysis showed a high level of sequence divergence among Cyanidiales species and the partitioning of taxa based on environmental conditions. Our research revealed an unexpected level of genetic diversity among Cyanidiales that revises current thinking about the phylogeny and biodiversity of this group. We predict that future environmental PCR studies will significantly augment known biodiversity that we have discovered and demonstrate the Cyanidiales to be a species-rich branch of red algal evolution.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"CINIGLIA","given":"CLAUDIA","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"YOON","given":"HWAN SU","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"POLLIO","given":"ANTONINO","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"PINTO","given":"GABRIELE","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"BHATTACHARYA","given":"DEBASHISH","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Molecular Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004","5","20"]]},"page":"1827-1838","title":"Hidden biodiversity of the extremophilic Cyanidiales red algae","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=659c4d0f-746a-47db-b3d4-9fc1fc3d9b59"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(7)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(7)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(7)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(7), las cuales son microorganismos unicelulares que crecen en condiciones ácidas (pH entre 0 – 4,0) y de alta temperatura (45–56 °C), habitan naturalmente fuentes termales y solfataras, y también pueden encontrarse en ambientes hostiles antropogénicos ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.1231707","ISSN":"0036-8075","abstract":"Some microbial eukaryotes, such as the extremophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria, live in hot, toxic metal-rich, acidic environments. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of adaptation, we sequenced the 13.7-megabase genome of G. sulphuraria . This alga shows an enormous metabolic flexibility, growing either photoautotrophically or heterotrophically on more than 50 carbon sources. Environmental adaptation seems to have been facilitated by horizontal gene transfer from various bacteria and archaea, often followed by gene family expansion. At least 5% of protein-coding genes of G. sulphuraria were probably acquired horizontally. These proteins are involved in ecologically important processes ranging from heavy-metal detoxification to glycerol uptake and metabolism. Thus, our findings show that a pan-domain gene pool has facilitated environmental adaptation in this unicellular eukaryote.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schonknecht","given":"G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chen","given":"W.-H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ternes","given":"Chad M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barbier","given":"Guillaume G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shrestha","given":"Roshan P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stanke","given":"Mario","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brautigam","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baker","given":"Brett J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Banfield","given":"Jillian F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garavito","given":"R. Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carr","given":"Kevin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wilkerson","given":"Curtis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rensing","given":"Stefan A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gagneul","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dickenson","given":"Nicholas E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oesterhelt","given":"Christine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lercher","given":"Martin J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Weber","given":"A. P. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6124","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013","3","8"]]},"page":"1207-1210","title":"Gene Transfer from Bacteria and Archaea Facilitated Evolution of an Extremophilic Eukaryote","type":"article-journal","volume":"339"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fb8fc51b-4977-4c1c-b2aa-1a7361cf281b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(8)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(8)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(8)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(8). Tres géneros conforman este orden: Cyanidium, Cyanidioschyzon y Galdieria ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02180.x","ISSN":"09621083","PMID":"15189206","abstract":"The Cyanidiales is a group of asexual, unicellular red algae, which thrive in acidic and high temperature conditions around hot springs. These unicellular taxa have a relatively simple morphology and are currently classified into three genera, Cyanidium, Cyanidioschyzon and Galdieria. Little is known, however, about the biodiversity of Cyanidiales, their population structure and their phylogenetic relationships. Here we used a taxonomically broadly sampled three-gene data set of plastid sequences to infer a robust phylogenetic framework for the Cyanidiales. The phylogenetic analyses support the existence of at least four distinct Cyanidiales lineage: the Galdieria spp. lineage (excluding Galdieria maxima), the Cyanidium caldarium lineage, a novel monophyletic lineage of mesophilic Cyanidium spp. and the Cyanidioschyzon merolae plus Galdieria maxima lineage. Our analyses do not support the notion of a mesophilic ancestry of the Cyanidiales and suggest that these algae were ancestrally thermo-acidotolerant. We also used environmental polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the rbcL gene to sample Cyanidiales biodiversity at five ecologically distinct sites at Pisciarelli in the Phlegrean Fields in Italy. This analysis showed a high level of sequence divergence among Cyanidiales species and the partitioning of taxa based on environmental conditions. Our research revealed an unexpected level of genetic diversity among Cyanidiales that revises current thinking about the phylogeny and biodiversity of this group. We predict that future environmental PCR studies will significantly augment known biodiversity that we have discovered and demonstrate the Cyanidiales to be a species-rich branch of red algal evolution.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"CINIGLIA","given":"CLAUDIA","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"YOON","given":"HWAN SU","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"POLLIO","given":"ANTONINO","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"PINTO","given":"GABRIELE","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"BHATTACHARYA","given":"DEBASHISH","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Molecular Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004","5","20"]]},"page":"1827-1838","title":"Hidden biodiversity of the extremophilic Cyanidiales red algae","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=659c4d0f-746a-47db-b3d4-9fc1fc3d9b59"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(7)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(7)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(7)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(7). En particular, especies del género Galdieria, poseen características únicas al ser poliextremófilos. Estos organismos se destacan por su alta tolerancia a sales y metales pesados como el arsénico, aluminio, cadmio, mercurio, entre otros ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.1231707","ISSN":"0036-8075","abstract":"Some microbial eukaryotes, such as the extremophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria, live in hot, toxic metal-rich, acidic environments. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of adaptation, we sequenced the 13.7-megabase genome of G. sulphuraria . This alga shows an enormous metabolic flexibility, growing either photoautotrophically or heterotrophically on more than 50 carbon sources. Environmental adaptation seems to have been facilitated by horizontal gene transfer from various bacteria and archaea, often followed by gene family expansion. At least 5% of protein-coding genes of G. sulphuraria were probably acquired horizontally. These proteins are involved in ecologically important processes ranging from heavy-metal detoxification to glycerol uptake and metabolism. Thus, our findings show that a pan-domain gene pool has facilitated environmental adaptation in this unicellular eukaryote.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schonknecht","given":"G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chen","given":"W.-H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ternes","given":"Chad M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barbier","given":"Guillaume G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shrestha","given":"Roshan P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stanke","given":"Mario","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brautigam","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baker","given":"Brett J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Banfield","given":"Jillian F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garavito","given":"R. 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It has great potential to produce biofuels and other beneficial compounds without becoming contaminated with other organisms. In G. sulphuraria, biomass measurements and glycogen and lipid analyses demonstrated that the amounts and compositions of glycogen and lipids differed when cells were grown under autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic conditions. Maximum biomass production was obtained in the mixotrophic culture. High amounts of glycogen were obtained in the mixotrophic cultures, while the amounts of neutral lipids were similar between mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures. The amounts of neutral lipids were highest in red algae, including thermophiles. Glycogen structure and fatty acids compositions largely depended on the growth conditions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sakurai","given":"Toshihiro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aoki","given":"Motohide","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ju","given":"Xiaohui","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ueda","given":"Tatsuya","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nakamura","given":"Yasunori","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fujiwara","given":"Shoko","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Umemura","given":"Tomonari","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tsuzuki","given":"Mikio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Minoda","given":"Ayumi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Bioresource Technology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016","1"]]},"page":"861-866","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Profiling of lipid and glycogen accumulations under different growth conditions in the sulfothermophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria","type":"article-journal","volume":"200"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a6b496f-b4e8-476e-b31f-acc7fca4b698"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101598","ISSN":"22147144","abstract":"Galdieria sulphuraria is a microalga capable of surviving extreme environmental conditions and has an impressive metabolic versatility. It has been considered a potential strain for large scale production since it can produce useful products from waste resources. Whey permeate is a by-product of the whey industry that is produced at high rates and has a high chemical oxygen demand (COD). This work describes the use of whey permeate as a medium for the growth of G. sulphuraria in a heterotrophic condition. Concentrations from 0 to 40 % of whey were tested and the best condition was verified to be a 20 % whey permeate concentration. Biomass production kinetics and COD removal analysis were then carried in a 2.5 L bioreactor. The biomasses obtained from cultures in bioreactor and shake flask were analyzed for their phenolic profile which showed the presence of 4-aminobenzoic acid, salicylic acid, quercetin, ellagic acid, and catechin. It was observed that cultures’ conditions significantly affected the profile of the phenolic compounds. Catechin and ellagic acid concentration in G. sulphuraria biomass reached 0.866 mg/g in the bioreactor and 3.556 mg/g in the shake flask. This places the microalgae as the main source of catechin and the second best source of ellagic acid in nature.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zimermann","given":"Jéssika D.arc Fernandes","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sydney","given":"Eduardo Bittencourt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cerri","given":"Maria Luísa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carvalho","given":"Isabella Kuroki","non-dropping-particle":"de","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schafranski","given":"Kathlyn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sydney","given":"Alessandra Cristine Novak","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vitali","given":"Luciano","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gonçalves","given":"Samantha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Micke","given":"Gustavo Amadeu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Soccol","given":"Carlos Ricardo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Demiate","given":"Ivo Motin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Water Process Engineering","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020","12"]]},"page":"101598","title":"Growth kinetics, phenolic compounds profile and pigments analysis of Galdieria sulphuraria cultivated in whey permeate in shake-flasks and stirred-tank bioreactor","type":"article-journal","volume":"38"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1c15a77e-f3b3-4332-88da-fca54335a567"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5772/intechopen.89810","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Čížková","given":"Mária","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vítová","given":"Milada","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zachleder","given":"Vilém","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Microalgae - From Physiology to Application","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020","1","22"]]},"publisher":"IntechOpen","title":"The Red Microalga Galdieria as a Promising Organism for Applications in Biotechnology","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8b5c529e-7a75-468f-8a6c-47e523277873"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(19,21,22)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(19,21,22)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(19,21,22)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(19,21,22). Algunos productos de su metabolismo se pueden usar en la producción de biocombustibles, medicamentos, suplementos nutricionales (para humanos y animales) y de cuidado personal, respectivamente ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.06.001","ISSN":"01677799","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bajhaiya","given":"Amit K","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ziehe Moreira","given":"Javiera","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pittman","given":"Jon K","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Trends in Biotechnology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","2"]]},"page":"95-99","title":"Transcriptional Engineering of Microalgae: Prospects for High-Value Chemicals","type":"article-journal","volume":"35"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=729520bc-e7d3-4d5d-b931-59447bcb766c"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/md18030169","ISSN":"1660-3397","PMID":"32197552","abstract":"Algae have multiple similarities with fungi, with both belonging to the Thallophyte, a polyphyletic group of non-mobile organisms grouped together on the basis of similar characteristics, but not sharing a common ancestor. The main difference between algae and fungi is noted in their metabolism. In fact, although algae have chlorophyll-bearing thalloids and are autotrophic organisms, fungi lack chlorophyll and are heterotrophic, not able to synthesize their own nutrients. However, our studies have shown that the extremophilic microalga Galderia sulphuraria (GS) can also grow very well in heterotrophic conditions like fungi. This study was carried out using several approaches such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and infrared spectrophotometry (ATR-FTIR). Results showed that the GS, strain ACUF 064, cultured in autotrophic (AGS) and heterotrophic (HGS) conditions, produced different biomolecules. In particular, when grown in HGS, the algae (i) was 30% larger, with an increase in carbon mass that was 20% greater than AGS; (ii) produced higher quantities of stearic acid, oleic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and ergosterol; (iii) produced lower quantities of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) such as methyl palmytate, and methyl linoleate, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and poyliunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). ATR-FTIR and principal component analysis (PCA) statistical analysis confirmed that the macromolecular content of HGS was significantly different from AGS. The ability to produce different macromolecules by changing the trophic conditions may represent an interesting strategy to induce microalgae to produce different biomolecules that can find applications in several fields such as food, feed, nutraceutical, or energy production.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barone","given":"Roberto","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Napoli","given":"Lorenzo","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mayol","given":"Luciano","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paolucci","given":"Marina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Volpe","given":"Maria Grazia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"D’Elia","given":"Luigi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pollio","given":"Antonino","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Guida","given":"Marco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambino","given":"Edvige","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carraturo","given":"Federica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marra","given":"Roberta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vinale","given":"Francesco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Woo","given":"Sheridan Lois","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lorito","given":"Matteo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Marine Drugs","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020","3","18"]]},"page":"169","title":"Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Growth Conditions Modify Biomolecole Production in the Microalga Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiophyceae, Rhodophyta)","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8e1cf6fd-c8cb-4af2-9c4b-b5084a776377"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(23,24)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(23,24)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(23,24)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(23,24). De igual forma, la administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de los Estados Unidos (Food Drug Administration- FDA) ha catalogado a las microalgas como Generally recognized as safe (GRAS), abriendo así el camino para su uso como importantes biofábricas de compuestos bioactivos. Es así que los extractos de algas tienen un alto valor de mercado para su uso en productos cosmecéuticos ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/md16110459","ISSN":"1660-3397","PMID":"30469402","abstract":"Marine algae are considered to be an abundant sources of bioactive compounds with cosmeceutical potential. Recently, a great deal of interest has focused on the health-promoting effects of marine bioactive compounds. Carbohydrates are the major and abundant constituent of marine algae and have been utilized in cosmetic formulations, as moisturizing and thickening agents for example. In addition, marine carbohydrates have been suggested as promising bioactive biomaterials for their various properties beneficial to skin, including antioxidant, anti-melanogenic and skin anti-aging properties. Therefore, marine algae carbohydrates have potential skin health benefits for value-added cosmeceutical applications. The present review focuses on the various biological capacities and potential skin health benefits of bioactive marine carbohydrates.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kim","given":"Ji","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lee","given":"Jae-Eun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kim","given":"Kyoung","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kang","given":"Nam","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Marine Drugs","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","11","21"]]},"page":"459","title":"Beneficial Effects of Marine Algae-Derived Carbohydrates for Skin Health","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=36f71a37-2cd1-44b7-9159-2481f34b8e52"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.001","ISSN":"09608524","PMID":"25537136","abstract":"The applications of microalgae in cosmetic products have recently received more attention in the treatment of skin problems, such as aging, tanning and pigment disorders. There are also potential uses in the areas of anti-aging, skin-whitening, and pigmentation reduction products. While algae species have already been used in some cosmetic formulations, such as moisturizing and thickening agents, algae remain largely untapped as an asset in this industry due to an apparent lack of utility as a primary active ingredient. This review article focuses on integrating studies on algae pertinent to skin health and beauty, with the purpose of identifying serviceable algae functions in practical cosmetic uses.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Hui-Min David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chen","given":"Ching-Chun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huynh","given":"Pauline","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chang","given":"Jo-Shu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Bioresource Technology","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","5"]]},"page":"355-362","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Exploring the potential of using algae in cosmetics","type":"article-journal","volume":"184"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=90c157fb-1dfc-400a-9cc0-fb8b640df946"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(25,26)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(25,26)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(25,26)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(25,26) por su contenido en metabolitos como pigmentos (clorofilas, β-caroteno, astaxantina, xantofilas, y ficobiliproteínas) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10811-018-1694-9","ISSN":"15735176","abstract":"Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic-hybrids intended to enhance health and beauty of the skin. Topical delivery of antioxidants from natural bioresources has gained attention in line with the increasing demand for harmless cosmetics. Tetraselmis tetrathele is a microalgae species, which has high antioxidant contents. In this work, ternary phase analysis with different compositions of oil, surfactant, and water was conducted to evaluate homogeneity and stability of nanoemulsion lotion containing 1% T. tetrathele extract. The three formulations T1, T2, and T3 containing various percentages of the surfactant Tween 80, T1 (20 wt% of Tween 80), T2 (15 wt% of Tween 80), and T3 (10 wt% of Tween 80), were analyzed for size and zeta potential to evaluate stability of the nanoemulsion. All particles were nanosized ranging from 102.3 to 249.5 nm. Zeta potential analysis for all emulsions showed negative values from − 33.2 to − 71.7 mV, which indicates high stability of the nanoemulsion. In order to evaluate the storage stability, a stability test was conducted at different temperature levels (4, 25, and 45 °C) for 10 weeks. At all temperature conditions, T1, T2, and T3 were stable with exception of T3 that precipitated and sedimented after 8 weeks. This study illustrated that T. tetrathele extract can be used as bioactive compound for nanocosmeceutical products, which has high homogeneity and stability.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farahin","given":"A W","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yusoff","given":"F M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Basri","given":"M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nagao","given":"N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shariff","given":"M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Applied Phycology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1743-1752","publisher":"Journal of Applied Phycology","title":"Use of microalgae: Tetraselmis tetrathele extract in formulation of nanoemulsions for cosmeceutical application","type":"article-journal","volume":"31"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2631a5f3-a075-41be-a68b-995f059d8001"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(27)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(27)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(27)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(27), proteínas, vitaminas, terpenoides, entre otros ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.400","ISSN":"01681656","PMID":"26113214","abstract":"In order to promote Moroccan natural resources, this study aims to evaluate the potential of microalgae isolated from Moroccan coastlines, as new source of natural antioxidants. Different extracts (ethanolic, ethanol/water and aqueous) obtained from 9 microalgae strains were screened for their in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical-scavenging assay. The highest antioxidant potentials were obtained in Dunalliela sp., Tetraselmis sp. and Nannochloropsis gaditana extracts. The obtained results indicate that ethanol extract of all microalgae strains exhibit higher antioxidant activity, when compared to water and ethanol/water extracts. Therefore, total phenolic and carotenoid content measurement were performed in active ethanol extracts. The PUFA profiles of ethanol extracts were also determined by GC/MS analysis. The studied microalgae strains displayed high PUFA content ranging from 12.9 to 76.9 %, total carotenoids content varied from 1.9 and 10.8. mg/g of extract and total polyphenol content varied from 8.1 to 32.0. mg Gallic acid Equivalent/g of extract weight. The correlation between the antioxidant capacities and the phenolic content and the carotenoids content were found to be insignificant, indicating that these compounds might not be major contributor to the antioxidant activity of these microalgae. The microalgae extracts exerting the high antioxidant activity are potential new source of natural antioxidants.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maadane","given":"Amal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Merghoub","given":"Nawal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ainane","given":"Tarik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arroussi","given":"Hicham","non-dropping-particle":"El","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Benhima","given":"Redouane","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Amzazi","given":"Saaid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bakri","given":"Youssef","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wahby","given":"Imane","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Biotechnology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","12"]]},"page":"13-19","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Antioxidant activity of some Moroccan marine microalgae: Pufa profiles, carotenoids and phenolic content","type":"article-journal","volume":"215"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=95b73544-0fe3-470e-a8c7-7cf73e377a20"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.algal.2017.05.019","ISSN":"22119264","abstract":"Algae (macroalgae and microalgae) are aquatic photosynthetic organisms largely used due to the variety of bioactive compounds in their composition. Macroalgae have caught the attention of the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. The food industry has recently used microalgae biomass, and several others have used it as biofuel source in wastewater treatments, for example. Many algae-derived secondary metabolites are known for their skin benefits, which include protection from UV radiations and prevention of rough texture, wrinkles, and skin flaccidity. It also avoids skin aging due to the presence of antioxidant compounds. The variety of cosmetic formulations using biocompounds or algae extracts is increasing since they also provide the desired safe materials from environmental resources. Although the cosmetic effects of some of these compounds were described in recent publications, the majority of biomolecules in algae species have not yet been studied and, therefore, are not be used for cosmetic purposed. Besides that, the majority of algae effects in cosmetics are described in patents without considerable explanation about the type of biocompounds or the mechanisms responsible for each cosmetic performance. Thus, this review aimed at a better understanding of the recent uses of algae in cosmetic formulations with potential applications for new researches.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ariede","given":"Maíra Bueno","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Candido","given":"Thalita Marcílio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jacome","given":"Ana Lucia Morocho","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Maria Valéria Robles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carvalho","given":"João Carlos M.","non-dropping-particle":"de","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baby","given":"André Rolim","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Algal Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"May","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","7"]]},"page":"483-487","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Cosmetic attributes of algae - A review","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=49fccf70-9097-4286-8693-a6331e0a4ade"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.058","ISSN":"09608524","PMID":"28552566","abstract":"Microalgae, due to various environmental stresses, constantly tune their cellular mechanisms to cope with them. The accumulation of the stress metabolites is closely related to the changes occurring in their metabolic pathways. The biosynthesis of metabolites can be triggered by a number of abiotic stresses like temperature, salinity, UV- radiation and nutrient deprivation. Although, microalgae have been considered as an alternative sustainable source for nutraceutical products like pigments and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to cater the requirement of emerging human population but inadequate biomass generation makes the process economically impractical. The stress metabolism for carotenoid regulation in green algae is a 2-step metabolism. There are a few major stresses which can influence the formation of phycobiliprotein in cyanobacteria. This review would primarily focus on the cellular level changes under stress conditions and their corresponding effects on lipids (including omega-3 PUFAs), pigments and polymers.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paliwal","given":"Chetan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mitra","given":"Madhusree","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bhayani","given":"Khushbu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bharadwaj","given":"S.V. Vamsi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghosh","given":"Tonmoy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dubey","given":"Sonam","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mishra","given":"Sandhya","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Bioresource Technology","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","11"]]},"page":"1216-1226","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Abiotic stresses as tools for metabolites in microalgae","type":"article-journal","volume":"244"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=32ccd630-4aa2-4fff-8553-bcf54f713b13"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(28–30)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(28–30)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(28–30)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(28–30). Asimismo, la FDA establece que, aunque la Ley Federal de Alimentos, Medicamentos y Cosméticos (Ley FD&C) no reconoce el término "cosmecéutico", la industria cosmética usa esta palabra para referirse a productos cosméticos que tienen beneficios medicinales o similares a los medicamentos. Por lo tanto, un producto puede ser un fármaco, un cosmético o ambos ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-labeling-claims/cosmeceutical","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2021","6","24"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"FDA (U.S Food & Drug Administration)","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"\"Cosmeceutical\"","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c323e41f-ec8f-45a7-9ab1-0d61e3601586"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(31)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(31)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(31)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(31). Ahora bien, los eficientes mecanismos de las algas contra la deshidratación, radiación UV, actividad antiinflamatoria y el estrés oxidativo, entre otras, las hacen prometedoras en la industria cosmecéutica ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.183","ISSN":"18766102","abstract":"Currently biofuel production from microalgal biomass is less attractive due to cost consideration despite having enormous potential. Researchers are increasingly focusing on, among others, the best utilisation of microalgal bioproducts to make biofuel production commercially viable. As freshwater and marine algae live in various environmental conditions, they develop special defense mechanisms to survive by producing a wide range of chemical compounds in their body. These chemical compounds are the commercial sources of various high-value bioproducts that can be used for health and other benefits. Although most publications have focused on biofuel production from microalgae, scant information is available on microalgal bioproducts and their applications in the open literature. Therefore, the primary objective of this article is to review the existing and potential high value bioproducts (other than biofuels) from microalgae and their current industrial applications. The review summarises microalgal bioproducts and their current uses in nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, pharmaceuticals, aquatic and terrestrial animal husbandry, food industry etc. to make biofuel production more commercially viable.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mobin","given":"Saleh M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chowdhury","given":"Harun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alam","given":"Firoz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Energy Procedia","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2018","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"752-760","publisher":"The Authors","title":"Commercially important bioproducts from microalgae and their current applications-A review","type":"paper-conference","volume":"160"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=70226f5e-64be-45a8-b125-fee9695130fb"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.058","ISSN":"03088146","abstract":"The increasing interest of consumers in functional foods has brought about a rise in demand for functional ingredients obtained using \"natural\" processes. In this review, new environmentally clean technologies for producing natural food ingredients are discussed. This work provides an updated overview on the principal applications of two clean processes, supercritical fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction, used to isolate natural products from different raw materials, such as plants, food by-products, algae and microalgae. Although the extraction of some compounds with antibacterial, antiviral or antifungical activity is discussed, special attention is paid to the extraction of antioxidant compounds, due to their important role in food preservation and health promotion. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Herrero","given":"Miguel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cifuentes","given":"Alejandro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ibañez","given":"Elena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Food Chemistry","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"136-148","title":"Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction of functional ingredients from different natural sources: Plants, food-by-products, algae and microalgae - A review","type":"article-journal","volume":"98"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5293780c-aed6-4fe3-9842-ebec11b7e3da"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(32,33)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(32,33)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(32,33)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(32,33). Por ejemplo, los extractos de microalgas como Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella sorokiniana, Schizochytrium sp. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/md16110459","ISSN":"1660-3397","PMID":"30469402","abstract":"Marine algae are considered to be an abundant sources of bioactive compounds with cosmeceutical potential. Recently, a great deal of interest has focused on the health-promoting effects of marine bioactive compounds. Carbohydrates are the major and abundant constituent of marine algae and have been utilized in cosmetic formulations, as moisturizing and thickening agents for example. In addition, marine carbohydrates have been suggested as promising bioactive biomaterials for their various properties beneficial to skin, including antioxidant, anti-melanogenic and skin anti-aging properties. Therefore, marine algae carbohydrates have potential skin health benefits for value-added cosmeceutical applications. The present review focuses on the various biological capacities and potential skin health benefits of bioactive marine carbohydrates.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kim","given":"Ji","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lee","given":"Jae-Eun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kim","given":"Kyoung","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kang","given":"Nam","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Marine Drugs","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","11","21"]]},"page":"459","title":"Beneficial Effects of Marine Algae-Derived Carbohydrates for Skin Health","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=36f71a37-2cd1-44b7-9159-2481f34b8e52"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(25)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(25)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(25)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(25) y las cianobacterias Cyanobacterium aponinum y Leptolyngbya sp. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00693.x","ISSN":"09066705","PMID":"18312388","abstract":"Bathing in the Blue Lagoon, a specific geothermal biotope in Iceland has been known for many years to be beneficial for human skin in general and for patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis in particular. The scientific rationale for this empirical observation, however has remained elusive. We now report that extracts prepared from silica mud and two different microalgae species derived from the Blue Lagoon are capable of inducing involucrin, loricrin, transglutaminase-1 and filaggrin gene expression in primary human epidermal keratinocytes. The same extracts also affects primary human dermal fibroblasts, because extracts from silica mud and one type of algae inhibited UVA radiation-induced upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression and both algae, as well as silica mud extracts induced collagen 1A1 and 1A2 gene expression in this cell type. These effects were not restricted to the in vitro situation because topical treatment of healthy human skin (n = 20) with a galenic formulation containing all three extracts induced identical gene regulatory effects in vivo, which were associated with a significant reduction of transepidermal water loss. In aggregate, these results suggest that the bioactives in Blue Lagoon have the capacity to improve skin barrier function and to prevent premature skin ageing. These observations explain at least some of the beneficial effects of bathing in the Blue Lagoon and provide a scientific basis for the use of Blue Lagoon extracts in cosmetic and/or medical products. © 2008 The Authors Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Munksgaard.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grether-Beck","given":"Susanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mühlberg","given":"Kathrin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brenden","given":"Heidi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felsner","given":"Ingo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brynjólfsdóttir","given":"Ása","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Einarsson","given":"Sigurbjörn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Krutmann","given":"Jean","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Experimental Dermatology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"9","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008","9"]]},"page":"771-779","title":"Bioactive molecules from the Blue Lagoon: in vitro and in vivo assessment of silica mud and microalgae extracts for their effects on skin barrier function and prevention of skin ageing","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ff3f41d9-0ff4-447f-883e-cb1749b42db6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(34)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(34)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(34)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(34) entre otras, han demostrando actividades antienvejecimiento, formación de barreras protectoras de la piel, antioxidante, antiinflamatoria, antimelanogénesis y protección UV. Sin embargo, para la producción y obtención de estos metabolitos se debe tener en cuenta que dependiendo de las condiciones utilizadas para el cultivo, la composición celular de las microalgas puede variar ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/chemv.201500106","ISSN":"21903735","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Derwenskus","given":"Felix","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holdmann","given":"Andrea Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ChemViews","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Microalgae – Underestimated All-Rounders","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a167cb72-912f-43a0-9a4e-eefe597f0fa0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(14)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(14)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(14)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(14), por ejemplo, el contenido de lípidos puede oscilar entre el 20 y el 80% del peso seco de la célula. Diferentes vías metabólicas pueden o no activarse dependiendo de las condiciones de cultivo a la que se someta el organismo. En condiciones óptimas de crecimiento, las principales vías del metabolismo del carbono en microalgas son la glucólisis, vía de las pentosas fosfato, ciclo del ácido tricarboxílico, ciclo de Calvin y vía del glioxilato ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1186/s13068-018-1244-3","ISSN":"1754-6834","abstract":"Production of biofuels and bioenergy precursors by phototrophic microorganisms, such as microalgae and cyanobacteria, is a promising alternative to conventional fuels obtained from non-renewable resources. Several species of microalgae have been investigated as potential candidates for the production of biofuels, for the most part due to their exceptional metabolic capability to accumulate large quantities of lipids. Constraint-based modeling, a systems biology approach that accurately predicts the metabolic phenotype of phototrophs, has been deployed to identify suitable culture conditions as well as to explore genetic enhancement strategies for bioproduction. Core metabolic models were employed to gain insight into the central carbon metabolism in photosynthetic microorganisms. More recently, comprehensive genome-scale models, including organelle-specific information at high resolution, have been developed to gain new insight into the metabolism of phototrophic cell factories. Here, we review the current state of the art of constraint-based modeling and computational method development and discuss how advanced models led to increased prediction accuracy and thus improved lipid production in microalgae.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tibocha-Bonilla","given":"Juan D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zuñiga","given":"Cristal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Godoy-Silva","given":"Rubén D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zengler","given":"Karsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Biotechnology for Biofuels","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","12","5"]]},"page":"241","publisher":"BioMed Central","title":"Advances in metabolic modeling of oleaginous microalgae","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0f0342d4-f3d0-46d3-b890-a3c0ccbeac76"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(40)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(40)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(40)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(40). En condiciones de estrés, algunas especies de microalgas producen metabolitos secundarios como carotenoides, compuestos fenólicos, terpenos, AGPI, entre otros, para compensar el desequilibrio que se produce en la célula ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.algal.2020.102104","ISSN":"22119264","abstract":"The demand for naturally sourced compounds is rapidly growing as synthetically produced counterparts can be toxic and unsuitable for human consumption. Antioxidant compounds produced by microalgae under stress conditions are, therefore, becoming of commercial interest as potential natural health products. Oxidative stress caused by acidity, metals, ultra-violet radiation, and nutrient limitations can induce production of antioxidants in many species of photosynthetic green microalgae and blue-green algae. This review discusses the mechanisms of stress and the corresponding antioxidant response. Each microalgal species responds differently to each stress, yielding an increase in enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and/or an increase in non-enzymatic antioxidants such as carotenes, xanthophylls, and flavonoids. There is potential to exploit these stress responses for commercial cultivation and the production of specific antioxidant compounds.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gauthier","given":"M.R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Senhorinho","given":"G.N.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scott","given":"J.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Algal Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020","12"]]},"page":"102104","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Microalgae under environmental stress as a source of antioxidants","type":"article-journal","volume":"52"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bfd1e11b-24e6-47ec-9421-0c6c32701a04"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-981-10-1950-0","ISBN":"978-981-10-1949-4","abstract":"This contributed volume presents the latest research and state-of-the-art approaches in the study of microalgae. It describes in detail technologies for the cultivation of marine, freshwater and extremophilic algae, as well as phototrophic biofilms, cyanobacterial mats and periphytons, including the media requirements and growth rates of different types of algae. The second part of the book is dedicated to the biotechnological applications of algal biomass and secondary metabolites produced by these organisms, and critically discusses topics such as algae-based biofuels and CO2 sequestration. In addition, it reviews the prospects and challenges of algal bioremediation of domestic and industrial wastewaters, including the use of planktonic and self-immobilized algae systems in wastewater treatment, explaining their merits and drawbacks. Lastly, it highlights research methods and approaches related to the production of high-value products and bioactive compounds.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tripathi","given":"Bhumi Nath","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kumar","given":"Dhananjay","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Prospects and Challenges in Algal Biotechnology","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tripathi","given":"Bhumi Nath","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kumar","given":"Dhananjay","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-326","publisher":"Springer Singapore","publisher-place":"Singapore","title":"Prospects and Challenges in Algal Biotechnology","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cb45ffca-5539-4bd9-9b8e-8afe45f4a9b2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(41,42)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(41,42)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(41,42)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(41,42). Algunas vías metabólicas asociadas a estos metabolitos son la vía del mevalonato, la vía del metileritritol fosfato, asociado a la síntesis de carotenoides; y la vía de Kennedy para la síntesis de AGPI ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.06.001","ISSN":"01677799","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bajhaiya","given":"Amit K","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ziehe Moreira","given":"Javiera","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pittman","given":"Jon K","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Trends in Biotechnology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","2"]]},"page":"95-99","title":"Transcriptional Engineering of Microalgae: Prospects for High-Value Chemicals","type":"article-journal","volume":"35"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=729520bc-e7d3-4d5d-b931-59447bcb766c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(23)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(23)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(23)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(23). Por lo tanto, las condiciones de cultivo resultan un paso clave y determinante para la obtención de metabolitos de alto valor agregado para la industria cosmecéutica. Durante las últimas décadas, se han utilizado enfoques ómicos integrados para comprender las vías metabólicas de diferentes organismos en lugar de realizar estudios individuales en genes, proteínas y metabolitos generados y, con base en ese conocimiento, mejorar la producción de metabolitos en microalgas ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.001","ISSN":"1360-1385","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Salama","given":"El-sayed","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Govindwar","given":"Sanjay P","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V","family":"Khandare","given":"Rahul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roh","given":"Hyun-seog","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jeon","given":"Byong-hun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Li","given":"Xiangkai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Trends in Plant Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"611-624","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Can Omics Approaches Improve Microalgal Biofuels under Abiotic Stress ?","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e2d73e5c-d285-4a4c-8742-ca28564b6f4a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(43)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(43)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(43)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(43). Actualmente, se han realizado análisis de transcriptoma de microalgas como Scenedesmus obliqnus ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-021-88954-6","ISBN":"0123456789","ISSN":"2045-2322","abstract":"Microalgae have received significant attention as potential next-generation microbiologic cell factories for biofuels. However, the production of microalgal biofuels is not yet sufficiently cost-effective for commercial applications. To screen higher lipid-producing strains, heavy carbon ion beams are applied to induce a genetic mutant. An RNA-seq technology is used to identify the pathways and genes of importance related to photosynthesis and biofuel production. The deep elucidation of photosynthesis and the fatty acid metabolism pathway involved in lipid yield is valuable information for further optimization studies. This study provided the photosynthetic efficiency and transcriptome profiling of a unicellular microalgae, Scenedesmus obliqnus mutant SO120G, with enhanced lipid production induced by heavy carbon ion beams. The lipid yield (52.5 mg L −1 ) of SO120G mutant were enhanced 2.4 fold compared with that of the wild strain under the nitrogen deficient condition. In addition, the biomass and growth rate were 57% and 25% higher, respectively, in SO120G than in the wild type, likely owing to an improved maximum quantum efficiency ( F v / F m ) of photosynthesis. As for the major pigment compositions, the content of chlorophyll a and carotenoids was higher in SO120G than in the wild type. The transcriptome data confirmed that a total of 2077 genes with a change of at least twofold were recognized as differential expression genes (DEGs), of which 1060 genes were up-regulated and 1017 genes were down-regulated. Most of the DEGs involved in lipid biosynthesis were up-regulated with the mutant SO120G. The expression of the gene involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis and photosynthesis of SO120G was upregulated, while that related to starch metabolism decreased compared with that of the wild strain. This work demonstrated that heavy-ion irradiation is an promising strategy for quality improvement. In addition, the mutant SO120G was shown to be a potential algal strain for enhanced lipid production. Transcriptome sequencing and annotation of the mutant suggested the possible genes responsible for lipid biosynthesis and photosynthesis, and identified the putative target genes for future genetic manipulation and biotechnological applications.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Xi","given":"Yimei","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yin","given":"Liang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chi","given":"Zhan you","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Luo","given":"Guanghong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Scientific Reports","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021","12","3"]]},"page":"11795","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group UK","title":"Characterization and RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis of a Scenedesmus obliqnus mutant with enhanced photosynthesis efficiency and lipid productivity","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=17011bf4-029e-4100-8b4b-caa2e02a0908"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(44)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(44)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(44)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(44), Dunaliella salina ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-020-80945-3","ISBN":"0123456789","ISSN":"2045-2322","PMID":"33452393","abstract":"Despite responses to salinity stress in Dunaliella salina , a unicellular halotolerant green alga, being subject to extensive study, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here, Empirical Bayes method was applied to identify the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between hypersaline and normal conditions. Then, using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which takes advantage of a graph theoretical approach, highly correlated genes were clustered as a module. Subsequently, connectivity patterns of the identified modules in two conditions were surveyed to define preserved and non-preserved modules by combining the Zsummary and medianRank measures. Finally, common and specific hub genes in non-preserved modules were determined using Eigengene-based module connectivity or module membership (k ME ) measures and validation was performed by using leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV). In this study, the power of beta = 12 (scale-free R2 = 0.8) was selected as the soft-thresholding to ensure a scale-free network, which led to the identification of 15 co-expression modules. Results also indicate that green, blue, brown, and yellow modules are non-preserved in salinity stress conditions. Examples of enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in non-preserved modules are Sulfur metabolism, Oxidative phosphorylation, Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, Vitamin B6 metabolism. Moreover, the systems biology approach was applied here, proposed some salinity specific hub genes, such as radical-induced cell death1 protein (RCD1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 13 (MAP3K13), long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, biotin carboxylase subunit (AccC), and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (ALDO), for the development of metabolites accumulating strains in D. salina .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Panahi","given":"Bahman","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hejazi","given":"Mohammad Amin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Scientific Reports","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021","12","15"]]},"page":"1607","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group UK","title":"Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of the salt-responsive transcriptomes reveals novel hub genes in green halophytic microalgae Dunaliella salina","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=185e0ad1-538d-4bd8-a199-1dfc5b24cfee"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(45)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(45)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(45)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(45) y Tetradesmus bernardii ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1186/s13068-020-01868-9","ISSN":"17546834","abstract":"Background: Heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae has been proposed as a viable alternative method for novel high-value biomolecules, enriched biomass, and biofuel production because of their allowance of high cell density levels, as well as simple production technology. Tetradesmus bernardii, a newly isolated high-yielding oleaginous microalga under photoautotrophic conditions, is able to grow heterotrophically, meaning that it can consume organic carbon sources in dark condition. We investigated the effect of different carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios on the growth and lipid accumulation of T. bernardii in heterotrophic batch culture under two nitrogen sources (NaNO3 and CO(NH2)2). In addition, we conducted time-resolved transcriptome analysis to reveal the metabolic mechanism of T. bernardii in heterotrophic culture. Results: T. bernardii can accumulate high biomass concentrations in heterotrophic batch culture where the highest biomass of 46.09 g/L was achieved at 100 g/L glucose concentration. The rate of glucose to biomass exceeded 55% when the glucose concentration was less than 80 g/L, and the C/N ratio was 44 at urea treatment. The culture was beneficial to lipid accumulation at a C/N ratio between 110 and 130. NaNO3 used as a nitrogen source enhanced the lipid content more than urea, and the highest lipid content was 45% of dry weight. We performed RNA-seq to analyze the time-resolved transcriptome of T. bernardii. As the nitrogen was consumed in the medium, nitrogen metabolism-related genes were significantly up-regulated to speed up the N metabolic cycle. As chloroplasts were destroyed in the dark, the metabolism of cells was transferred from chloroplasts to cytoplasm. However, storage of carbohydrate in chloroplast remained active, mainly the synthesis of starch, and the precursor of starch synthesis in heterotrophic culture may largely come from the absorption of organic carbon source (glucose). With regard to lipid metabolism, the related genes of fatty acid synthesis in low nitrogen concentration increased gradually with the extension of cultivation time. Conclusion: T. bernardii exhibited rapid growth and high lipid accumulation in heterotrophic culture. It may be a potential candidate for biomass and biofuel production. Transcriptome analysis showed that multilevel regulation ensured the conversion from carbon to the synthesis of carbohydrate and lipid.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gao","given":"Baoyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Feifei","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Luodong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Hui","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhong","given":"Yuming","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhang","given":"Chengwu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Biotechnology for Biofuels","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-16","publisher":"BioMed Central","title":"Biomass, lipid accumulation kinetics, and the transcriptome of heterotrophic oleaginous microalga Tetradesmus bernardii under different carbon and nitrogen sources","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b17e7eeb-9b4b-465d-b56d-905dba65ec6d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(46)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(46)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(46)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(46), para analizar las enzimas y genes clave de varias vías metabólicas, y de igual forma, análisis multi-ómicos en una cepa de Scenedesmus para caracterizar la respuesta metabólica de este organismo a una condición de estrés ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/s42003-021-01859-y","ISBN":"4200302101","ISSN":"2399-3642","PMID":"33712730","abstract":"Microalgae efficiently convert sunlight into lipids and carbohydrates, offering bio-based alternatives for energy and chemical production. Improving algal productivity and robustness against abiotic stress requires a systems level characterization enabled by functional genomics. Here, we characterize a halotolerant microalga Scenedesmus sp. NREL 46B-D3 demonstrating peak growth near 25 °C that reaches 30 g/m 2 /day and the highest biomass accumulation capacity post cell division reported to date for a halotolerant strain. Functional genomics analysis revealed that genes involved in lipid production, ion channels and antiporters are expanded and expressed. Exposure to temperature stress shifts fatty acid metabolism and increases amino acids synthesis. Co-expression analysis shows that many fatty acid biosynthesis genes are overexpressed with specific transcription factors under cold stress. These and other genes involved in the metabolic and regulatory response to temperature stress can be further explored for strain improvement.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Calhoun","given":"Sara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bell","given":"Tisza Ann Szeremy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dahlin","given":"Lukas R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kunde","given":"Yuliya","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"LaButti","given":"Kurt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Louie","given":"Katherine B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kuftin","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Treen","given":"Daniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dilworth","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mihaltcheva","given":"Sirma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daum","given":"Christopher","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bowen","given":"Benjamin P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Northen","given":"Trent R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Guarnieri","given":"Michael T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Starkenburg","given":"Shawn R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"Grigoriev","given":"Igor","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Communications Biology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021","12","12"]]},"page":"333","publisher":"Springer US","title":"A multi-omic characterization of temperature stress in a halotolerant Scenedesmus strain for algal biotechnology","type":"article-journal","volume":"4"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3045c997-b27a-49de-97a9-26de80b5eba1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(47)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(47)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(47)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(47). Sin embargo, para el género Galdieria se reportan pocos estudios utilizando este tipo de enfoques ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/pcp/pcy240","ISSN":"14719053","abstract":"Galdieria sulphuraria is a unicellular red alga that lives in hot, acidic, toxic metal-rich, volcanic environments, where few other organisms survive. Its genome harbors up to 5% of genes that were most likely acquired through horizontal gene transfer. These genes probably contributed to G.sulphuraria's adaptation to its extreme habitats, resulting in today's polyextremophilic traits. Here, we applied RNA-sequencing to obtain insights into the acclimation of a thermophilic organism towards temperatures below its growth optimum and to study how horizontally acquired genes contribute to cold acclimation. A decrease in growth temperature from 42°C/46°C to 28°C resulted in an upregulation of ribosome biosynthesis, while excreted proteins, probably components of the cell wall, were downregulated. Photosynthesis was suppressed at cold temperatures, and transcript abundances indicated that C-metabolism switched from gluconeogenesis to glycogen degradation. Folate cycle and S-adenosylmethionine cycle (one-carbon metabolism) were transcriptionally upregulated, probably to drive the biosynthesis of betaine. All these cold-induced changes in gene expression were reversible upon return to optimal growth temperature. Numerous genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer displayed temperature-dependent expression changes, indicating that these genes contributed to adaptive evolution in G.sulphuraria.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rossoni","given":"Alessandro W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schönknecht","given":"Gerald","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lee","given":"Hyun Jeong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rupp","given":"Ryan L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Flachbart","given":"Samantha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mettler-Altmann","given":"Tabea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Weber","given":"Andreas P.M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenhut","given":"Marion","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Plant and Cell Physiology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"Cold Acclimation of the Thermoacidophilic Red Alga Galdieria sulphuraria: Changes in Gene Expression and Involvement of Horizontally Acquired Genes","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=65d8e3e3-cc9f-3a25-af7c-56f4daa2bae2"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/ijms22031247","ISSN":"14220067","PMID":"33513853","abstract":"The thermoacidophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria has been optimizing a photosynthetic system for low-light conditions over billions of years, thriving in hot and acidic endolithic habitats. The growth of G. sulphuraria in the laboratory is very much dependent on light and substrate supply. Here, higher cell densities in G. sulphuraria under high-light conditions were obtained, although reductions in photosynthetic pigments were observed, which indicated this alga might be able to relieve the effects caused by photoinhibition. We further describe an extensive untargeted metabolomics study to reveal metabolic changes in autotrophic and mixotrophic G. sulphuraria grown under high and low light intensities. The up-modulation of bilayer lipids, that help generate better-ordered lipid domains (e.g., ergosterol) and keep optimal membrane thickness and fluidity, were observed under high-light exposure. Moreover, high-light conditions induced changes in amino acids, amines, and amide metabolism. Compared with the autotrophic algae, higher accumulations of osmoprotectant sugars and sugar alcohols were recorded in the mixotrophic G. sulphuraria. This response can be interpreted as a measure to cope with stress due to the high concentration of organic carbon sources. Our results indicate how G. sulphuraria can modulate its metabolome to maintain energetic balance and minimize harmful effects under changing environments.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Lu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sanchez-Arcos","given":"Carlos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pohnert","given":"Georg","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wei","given":"Dong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-18","title":"Untargeted metabolomics unveil changes in autotrophic and mixotrophic galdieria sulphuraria exposed to high-light intensity","type":"article-journal","volume":"22"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=73fd4db5-2e1b-494d-8327-af6821c2138a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(20,48)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(20,48)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(20,48)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(20,48), y por el momento, no hay estudios que integren estas estrategias para dilucidar la dinámica metabólica de este organismo en diferentes condiciones de cultivo.