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Descripción
La periodontitis es una enfermedad crónica, que afecta al 73% de la población colombianaADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1787/9789264207813-3-es","ISBN":"9789264207806","abstract":"ENSAB IV","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"MINSALUD","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Bogotá, Colombia","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"381","title":"IV Estudio Nacional De Salud Bucal - ENSAB IV","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7689ca16-49b5-4fdd-a326-0ae1b71ec133"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"1","plainTextFormattedCitation":"1","previouslyFormattedCitation":"1"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}1, al 91.7% de la población en BrasilADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3389/fpubh.2014.00203","author":[{"dropping-particle":"V","family":"Palma","given":"Pamella","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leite","given":"Isabel Cristina G","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers in Public Health","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-3","title":"Epidemiology and social inequalities of periodontal disease in Brazil","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ac512ec2-a67c-4d9b-91a7-5a59f3eff3d3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"2","plainTextFormattedCitation":"2","previouslyFormattedCitation":"2"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}2 y aproximadamente el 50% de la población adulta en el mundoADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/prd.12344","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Genco","given":"Robert J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sanz","given":"Mariano","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Periodontology 2000","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"7-13","title":"Clinical and public health implications of periodontal and systemic diseases : An overview","type":"article-journal","volume":"83"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=79dfc508-e36c-4fed-aa8a-7d8848b485c8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"3","plainTextFormattedCitation":"3","previouslyFormattedCitation":"3"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}3; es la sexta más prevalente entre las 291 enfermedades evaluadas a nivel mundialADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/prd.12270","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Genco","given":"Robert J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Borgnakke","given":"Wenche S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Periodontology 2000","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"83","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"40-45","title":"Diabetes as a potential risk for periodontitis : association studies","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bb10e4e4-88bd-4462-b82e-f092871c6f46"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"4","plainTextFormattedCitation":"4","previouslyFormattedCitation":"4"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}4. Esta enfermedad es causada por la presencia de comunidades microbianas patógenas, denominadas como microbiota disbiótica que provoca una respuesta inflamatoria del tejido periodontal, que resulta en la formación de bolsas periodontales, pérdida progresiva de inserción periodontal con destrucción de los tejidos blandos y duros de soporte periodontal, y perdida de los dientesADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/prd.12181","ISSN":"09066713","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hajishengallis","given":"George","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Korostoff","given":"Jonathan M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Periodontology 2000","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","10"]]},"page":"116-151","title":"Revisiting the Page & Schroeder model: the good, the bad and the unknowns in the periodontal host response 40 years later","type":"article-journal","volume":"75"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=58070550-3192-38d0-8db6-4090cf3e5506"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"5","plainTextFormattedCitation":"5","previouslyFormattedCitation":"5"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}5. Aunque ya están descritos los patógenos asociados a esta enfermedad, aún persiste una alta prevalencia de periodontitis en el mundo, debido a su difícil diagnóstico en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad, a la deficiente utilización de antibióticos utilizados en forma concomitante con la terapia periodontal y a la creciente resistencia de los microorganismos a los antibióticos utilizados para su tratamientoADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.031","ISSN":"18787568","abstract":"Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis represent the early, middle and late colonizers of the bacterial accretion in dental plaque biofilms. These sessile communities constitute a protected mode of growth that promotes survival in a hostile environment. This study describes a novel and unrecognized role for a synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptide, Nal-P-113, which inhibits and kills periodontal bacteria in planktonic state, inhibits the formation of biofilms and eradicates polymicrobial biofilms. Nal-P-113 is also stable in saliva, serum and saline solution. At a concentration less than 320 μg/mL which is harmless to normal oral cells, Nal-P-113 can kill bacteria in planktonic state. At a concentration of antimicrobial peptide Nal-P-113 (1280 μg/mL) which only causes slight damages to normal oral cells is needed to kill bacteria in biofilm state. It is worth mentioning that this concentration of Nal-P-113 is harmless to rat oral mucosa compared to chlorhexidine. The mechanism of Nal-P-113 inhibiting and killing periodontal bacteria might rely on the abilities to permeabilize and/or to form pores within the cytoplasmic membranes, thus causes the death of bacteria. Here, we provided a novel and stable antimicrobial peptide with very low mammalian cytotoxicity, which can inhibit and kill periodontal bacteria in both planktonic and polymicrobial biofilm states. Statement of Significance Nal-P-113 is a potent antimicrobial peptide with strong antimicrobial ability, improved deficiency compared with other antibacterial peptides, and remains stable in phosphate buffered saline, saliva, brain-heart infusion medium and bovine calf serum. Nal-P-113 exhibits a broad spectrum of bacteriocidal activity with excellent eradicating capability on oral pathogens and the respective biofilms. In this study, we used propidium iodide staining, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to confirm that Nal-P-113 can perforate plasmalemma thereby resulting in the death of oral pathogens and disintegrate the respective biofilms. Nal-P-113 also showed effective anti-plaque biofilms and cytotoxicity in the rat periodontitis model. No adverse effects can be observed on the gingivomucosa tissue. In short, the antimicrobial peptide Nal-P-113 presented to be an effective yet have low mammalian cytotoxicity agent with potential application in the clinic. This study provides a proof of concept in applying antimicrobial pep…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Hong Yan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cheng","given":"Jya Wei","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yu","given":"Hui Yuan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lin","given":"Li","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chih","given":"Ya Han","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pan","given":"Ya Ping","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Acta Biomaterialia","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"150-161","publisher":"Acta Materialia Inc.","title":"Efficacy of a novel antimicrobial peptide against periodontal pathogens in both planktonic and polymicrobial biofilm states","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4d80b46-539f-4602-9eb1-d419ee98a6ba"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"6","plainTextFormattedCitation":"6","previouslyFormattedCitation":"6"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}6. Esta enfermedad infecciosa está vinculada estrechamente con la microbiota disbiótica periodonto-patógena, en su mayoría de tipo bacteriano, como factor determinante en la reacción inflamatoria de los tejidos periodontales que, en la misma medida, desencadena eventos inflamatorios sistémicosADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.17235/reed.20188.4947/2017","ISBN":"4157901800","ISSN":"16000757","abstract":"The dynamic and polymicrobial oral microbiome is a direct precursor of diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis, two of the most prevalent microbially induced disorders worldwide. Distinct microenvironments at oral barriers harbour unique microbial communities, which are regulated through sophisticated signalling systems and by host and environmental factors. The collective function of microbial communities is a major driver of homeostasis or dysbiosis and ultimately health or disease. Despite different aetiologies, periodontitis and caries are each driven by a feedforward loop between the microbiota and host factors (inflammation and dietary sugars, respectively) that favours the emergence and persistence of dysbiosis. In this Review , we discuss current knowledge and emerging mechanisms governing oral polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis that have both enhanced our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and aided the design of innovative therapeutic approaches for oral diseases.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lamont","given":"Richard J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Koo","given":"Hyun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hajishengallis","given":"George","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"745-759","publisher":"SEPD y © ARÁN EDICIONES, S.L","title":"The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7d221046-6536-4ced-95dc-d1e6d2793234"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"7","plainTextFormattedCitation":"7","previouslyFormattedCitation":"7"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}7. A su vez, estos microorganismos son capaces de desencadenar una respuesta inflamatoria crónica exacerbada, que en algunas ocasiones se encuentra asociada a enfermedades de orden sistémico, como Enfermedades CardiovascularesADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.bj.2018.12.001","ISSN":"23194170","PMID":"30987702","abstract":"A growing body of literature suggests that there is a link between periodontitis and systemic diseases. These diseases include cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal and colorectal cancer, diabetes and insulin resistance, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as respiratory tract infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The presence of periodontal pathogens and their metabolic by-products in the mouth may in fact modulate the immune response beyond the oral cavity, thus promoting the development of systemic conditions. A cause-and-effect relationship has not been established yet for most of the diseases, and the mediators of the association are still being identified. A better understanding of the systemic effects of oral microorganisms will contribute to the goal of using the oral cavity to diagnose and possibly treat non-oral systemic disease.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bui","given":"Fiona Q.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almeida-da-Silva","given":"Cassio Luiz Coutinho","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huynh","given":"Brandon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Trinh","given":"Alston","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Jessica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Woodward","given":"Jacob","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Asadi","given":"Homer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ojcius","given":"David M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Biomedical Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"27-35","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Association between periodontal pathogens and systemic disease","type":"article-journal","volume":"42"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3de4f3ef-721e-4700-9fe1-0ffdc8905437"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"8","plainTextFormattedCitation":"8","previouslyFormattedCitation":"8"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}8, Diabetes mellitusADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1590/0004-2730000002899","ISSN":"0004-2730","abstract":"Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of diabetes and periodontal disease in us-CRP, an inflammatory marker in patients with and without acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Subjects and methods: A case-control study was conducted in 401 subjects aged between 30 and 75 years, living in Bogotá D.C. (Colombia). Patients arriving at the emergency room of the San Ignacio University Hospital with AMI were included into the case group. The control group was defined as those subjects without AMI. The following blood tests were performed: complete blood count (CBC), glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, cHDL, cLDL, and us-CRP. Patients with infections or antibiotic treatment within the last three months, who had received periodontal treatment within the six months prior to the study entry, had oral ulcerations, or less than seven teeth were excluded from the study. Periodontal disease was diagnosed based on the 1999 Armitage’s classification. Results: The mean us-CRP value found in diabetic patients with severe chronic periodontitis was 5.31 mg/L (SD 6.82), and 2.38 mg/L (SD 4.42) in non-diabetic patients, being statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Diabetes had an impact in periodontal disease and us-CRP. In patients with AMI, DM and PD considerably increased the us-CRP.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Escobar","given":"Francina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Latorre","given":"Catalina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velosa","given":"Juliana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ferro","given":"Maria Beatriz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ruiz","given":"Alvaro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arregoces","given":"Francina Escobar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Uriza","given":"Catalina Latorre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Porras","given":"Juliana Velosa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Camargo","given":"Maria Beatriz Ferro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morales","given":"Alvaro Ruiz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014","6"]]},"page":"362-368","publisher":"ABE&M","title":"Relation between ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein, diabetes and periodontal disease in patients with and without myocardial infarction","type":"article-journal","volume":"58"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8d1593c2-af67-37f4-ae9e-aaf0c5d22f02"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"9","plainTextFormattedCitation":"9","previouslyFormattedCitation":"9"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}9 y Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (AOS)ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1902/jop.2016.160365","ISSN":"0022-3492","abstract":"BACKGROUND: A possible association between periodontitis and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been suggested. The aim of this study is to compare periodontitis prevalence between controls and patients with OSA by assessing clinical periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); serum hs-CRP was also sampled. METHODS: A case-control study was performed that included 163 individuals: 83 individuals (18 females and 65 males) with OSA and 80 non-OSA individuals (23 females and 57 males) as controls. The test group was classified according to OSA severity. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded, and GCF samples were collected. GCF hs-CRP, IL-lbeta, and TNF-alpha levels were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Serum hs-CRP was measured by latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. RESULTS: Prevalence of periodontitis in the OSA group (96.4%) was significantly higher than in the control group (75% [P 0.05). Serum hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with OSA. A significant correlation was found between GCF IL-1beta and all clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated higher prevalence of periodontitis and higher levels of GCF IL-1beta and serum hs-CRP in patients with OSA. However, there is still a need for randomized clinical trials testing oral care interventions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gamsiz-Isik","given":"Hikmet","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kiyan","given":"Esen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bingol","given":"Zuleyha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baser","given":"Ulku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ademoglu","given":"Evin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yalcin","given":"Funda","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Periodontology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"443-449","title":"Does Obstructive Sleep Apnea Increase the Risk for Periodontal Disease? A Case-Control Study","type":"article-journal","volume":"88"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=42c9b373-391b-4463-a310-e938a2f6b7f0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"10","plainTextFormattedCitation":"10","previouslyFormattedCitation":"10"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}10. La AOS es un trastorno respiratorio del sueño, que se produce cuando los tejidos blandos alrededor de la vía aérea superior colapsan, obstruyendo parcial o completamente el flujo de aire a pesar del incremento en el esfuerzo ventilatorioADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189375","ISSN":"0009-7322","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Goldberger","given":"Jeffrey J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cain","given":"Michael E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hohnloser","given":"Stefan H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kadish","given":"Alan H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Knight","given":"Bradley P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Michael S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maron","given":"Barry J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Page","given":"Richard L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Passman","given":"Rod S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Siscovick","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stevenson","given":"William G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zipes","given":"Douglas P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Circulation","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"14","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008","9","30"]]},"page":"1497-1518","publisher":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","title":"American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society Scientific Statement on Noninvasive Risk Stratification Techniques for Identifying Patients at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death","type":"article-journal","volume":"118"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=49e3bf55-8d77-391e-8195-499f012fa44a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"11","plainTextFormattedCitation":"11","previouslyFormattedCitation":"11"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}11. La AOS es probablemente el trastorno respiratorio más común en adultos. La prevalencia en hombres y mujeres se iguala después de los 50 años o después de la menopausia, sin embargo es más prevalente en los hombresADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/J.SLSCI.2016.05.008","ISSN":"1984-0063","abstract":"STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of sleep complaints in adults in Colombia at different altitudes. DESIGN Cross-sectional, population-based and observational study. SETTING Urban areas in three cities (Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Santa Marta) located between 15 and 2640 masl. Subjects Over 18 years old. INTERVENTIONS Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Berlin questionnaire, STOP-Bang questionnaire and diagnostic criteria for restless leg syndrome (IRLSSG). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The overall prevalence of sleep complaints was 59.6% (CI 95%: 57.3; 61.8%). According to the Pittsburgh scale, 45.3% (CI 95%: 43.0; 47.5) required medical assistance. The Berlin questionnaire indicated that 19.0% (CI 95%: 17.3; 20.8%) had a high risk of sleep apnea (OSA) compared to 26.9% (CI 95%: 24.9; 29.0%) according to STOP-Bang. Among the subjects, 13.7% (CI 95%: 12.3; 15.3%) had excessive daytime sleepiness and 37.7% (CI 95%: 35.5; 39.8%) had a restless leg syndrome. When comparing cities, significant differences in the overall frequency of subjects requiring care were found between Santa Marta (higher frequency) and the other two cities. Differences in sleep problem frequency (Pittsburgh) were observed between Bogota (higher frequency) and Bucaramanga and also between Santa Marta (higher frequency) and the other two cities. The high risk of OSA (STOP-Bang) was different between Bogota (higher frequency) and Bucaramanga and also between Santa Marta (high frequency) and Bucaramanga. CONCLUSIONS We observed a high prevalence of sleep complaints with significant differences among the cities, indicating a need to pay a greater attention to these problems.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ruiz","given":"AJ","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rendón","given":"Martín","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hidalgo","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cañón","given":"Martín","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Otero","given":"Liliana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Panqueva","given":"Olga","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Uriza","given":"Luis Felipe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ospina","given":"Juan Camilo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sleep Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016","4","1"]]},"page":"100-105","publisher":"No longer published by Elsevier","title":"Prevalence of sleep complaints in Colombia at different altitudes","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=212800a4-b0b2-3300-89c2-1af656727137"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.15446/revfacmed.v65n1Sup.59565","ISSN":"2357-3848","abstract":"El síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) es un trastorno frecuente asociado con secuelas cardiovasculares y neuropsicológicas severas que repercuten en altos costos socioeconómicos para la población.Con anterioridad se estimaba una prevalencia aproximada del 3% al 7% en hombres y del 2% al 5% en mujeres (40-60 años para ambos sexos); sin embargo, en las últimas dos décadas aumentó a 10% en hombres de 30 a 49 años, a 17% en hombres de 50 a 70, a 3% en mujeres de 30 a 49 y a 9% en mujeres de 50 a 70.Se calcula que el 20% de adultos de edad media tiene al menos SAHOS leve y el 80% de los casos permanecen sin diagnosticar, de allí la importancia de sospechar el diagnóstico de la enfermedad.En Colombia se realizó un estudio con la metodología ómnibus que mostró que la prevalencia global de alto riesgo de apnea del sueño, según el Cuestionario Berlín, fue del 19% en tres ciudades —Bogotá D.C., Bucaramanga y Santa Marta— (IC95%: 17.3; 20.8%). Con la escala STOP-Bang, la prevalencia global de alto riesgo de SAHOS fue de 26.9% (IC95%: 24.9; 29%).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hidalgo-Martínez","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lobelo","given":"Rafael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Revista de la Facultad de Medicina","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1Sup","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","8","2"]]},"page":"17-20","publisher":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia","title":"Epidemiología mundial, latinoamericana y colombiana y mortalidad del síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS)","type":"article-journal","volume":"65"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c7912e18-6a16-3e3d-beff-c3a82d108e59"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"12,13","plainTextFormattedCitation":"12,13","previouslyFormattedCitation":"12,13"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}12,13. En los últimos años se ha relacionado la AOS con la periodontitis, en esta forma, Sanders y col (2015) demostraron que personas latinoamericanas con AOS tienen mayor riesgo de tener periodontitis severa que las personas sin apnea del sueño y que la periodontitis es más frecuente en adultos jóvenes con AOS leve ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5665/sleep.4890","ISSN":"1550-9109","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sanders","given":"Anne E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Essick","given":"Greg K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Beck","given":"James D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cai","given":"Jianwen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Beaver","given":"Shirley","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Finlayson","given":"Tracy L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zee","given":"Phyllis C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Loredo","given":"Jose S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ramos","given":"Alberto R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Singer","given":"Richard H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jimenez","given":"Monik C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barnhart","given":"Janice M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Redline","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sleep","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"8","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","8","1"]]},"page":"1195-1203","publisher":"Narnia","title":"Periodontitis and Sleep Disordered Breathing in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos","type":"article-journal","volume":"38"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=debb3dab-f6ab-3324-9b51-fe391cf56a50"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"14","plainTextFormattedCitation":"14","previouslyFormattedCitation":"14"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}14. Seo y col en 2013, realizaron un estudio longitudinal en el cual incluyeron 687 pacientes coreanos y reportaron que un 60% de los pacientes diagnosticados con AOS presentaron periodontitisADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/jre.12032","ISSN":"00223484","abstract":"Background and Objective: Periodontitis is becoming a highly prevalent disease worldwide. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder that is characterized by repeated disruptions in breathing during sleep, and mouth breathing is a common characteristic among patients with OSA. We aimed to assess the hypothesis that OSA is associated with the onset and progression of periodontal disease. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of a total of 687 participants (460 men and 227 women), 47-77 years of age, who were examined between August 2009 and September 2010 as part of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The participants underwent standard polysomnography, clinical periodontal examination and health-screening examinations. Periodontitis was defined as clinical attachment level (CAL) ≥ 6 mm and probing pocket depth ≥ 4 mm. OSA was determined using the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and an AHI score of ≥ 5 was the cut-off used to indicate the presence of OSA. Results: The results showed that 17.5% of the participants had periodontitis, 46.6% had OSA and 60.0% who were diagnosed with periodontitis had OSA. In our study, old age, male gender, current smoking status, mouth breathing during sleep and high AHI were identified as risk factors for periodontitis. OSA was positively associated with periodontitis [odds ratio (OR) = 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18-2.87], probing pocket depth (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.30-3.77) and CAL (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.07-3.21) in a dose-response manner. Additionally, OSA was positively associated with periodontitis (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.37-4.62) in subjects ≥ 55 years of age, but not in subjects < 55 years of age. Conclusion: There is a significant association between OSA and periodontal disease. Further research is needed to clarify the causal relationship between the two conditions. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Seo","given":"W. H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cho","given":"E. R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thomas","given":"R. J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"An","given":"S. Y.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryu","given":"J. J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kim","given":"H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shin","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Periodontal Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"500-506","title":"The association between periodontitis and obstructive sleep apnea: A preliminary study","type":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=671f0afe-16e2-488e-ac47-46311c10514e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"15","plainTextFormattedCitation":"15","previouslyFormattedCitation":"15"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}15. Por otra parte, Gunaratnam y col (2009) identificaron una asociación entre estas dos enfermedades y señalaban que la AOS incrementaba la presencia y severidad de la periodontitis al favorecer el aumento de la inflamación sistémicaADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11325-008-0244-0","ISSN":"1520-9512","PMID":"19198909","abstract":"PURPOSE Since both obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and periodontitis are associated with systemic inflammation and cardiovascular morbidity, we questioned whether there may be an association between these two disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS A standard periodontal examination was undertaken in a group of 66 (54 men and 12 women) treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with OSA [apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) >5/h] to derive a number of quantitative variables which could then be used to determine the prevalence of periodontitis in a group of patients. RESULTS The prevalence of periodontitis in our study group was 77-79%, depending on the definition used. This was almost four times that of historical controls derived from a recent national survey. When sleep-related variables were compared against periodontal variables, significant correlations were found between periodontal clinical attachment level and total sleep time. CONCLUSION Our pilot study suggests that OSA is associated with periodontitis. Further research is needed to elucidate the nature of this association.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gunaratnam","given":"Kogulan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Taylor","given":"Barbara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Curtis","given":"Bradley","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cistulli","given":"Peter","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sleep and Breathing","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009","8","6"]]},"page":"233-239","title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and periodontitis: a novel association?","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=36e29289-7fb6-31a4-a9e5-d2c57d8c990a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"16","plainTextFormattedCitation":"16","previouslyFormattedCitation":"16"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}16. Cuervo y col en 2016, describieron la condición periodontal de los pacientes que asistieron a estudio polisomnográfico, determinando que de los 166 pacientes evaluados: 71,1% tenían AOS, de los cuales 58,4% tenían periodontitis y 36,74% tenían gingivitisADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9780080453705","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cuervo","given":"Adriana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martínez","given":"María Constanza","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sosa","given":"Gretty","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hernández","given":"Melissa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Latorre","given":"Catalina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Escobar","given":"Francina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velosa","given":"Juliana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Universitas Odontológica","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1-34","title":"Condición periodontal de pacientes con apnea obstructiva del sueño","type":"article-journal","volume":"33"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=75769e59-f9e6-4ea2-aff1-37d7e06d92c6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"17","plainTextFormattedCitation":"17","previouslyFormattedCitation":"17"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}17. La relación causa-efecto entre AOS y periodontitis es desconocida y aún es objeto de controversiaADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11325-015-1160-8","ISSN":"1520-9512","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Al-Jewair","given":"Thikriat S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Al-Jasser","given":"Reham","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almas","given":"Khalid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sleep Breath","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","12","24"]]},"page":"1111-1120","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","title":"Periodontitis and obstructive sleep apnea’s bidirectional relationship: a systematic review and meta-analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f4a00579-2bc2-3b77-acb0-cc7b27ba312c"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1902/jop.2014.130579","ISSN":"0022-3492","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nizam","given":"Nejat","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Basoglu","given":"Ozen K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tasbakan","given":"Mehmet S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nalbantsoy","given":"Ayşe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Buduneli","given":"Nurcan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Periodontology","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014","7"]]},"page":"e251-e258","title":"Salivary Cytokines and the Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Periodontal Disease","type":"article-journal","volume":"85"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c2a796b1-2a7b-3430-8e0c-0d0e5eb39400"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"18,19","plainTextFormattedCitation":"18,19","previouslyFormattedCitation":"18,19"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}18,19, sin embargo, se han sugerido diversos mecanismos que involucran factores genéticos, inmunológicos y microbiológicosADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11325-015-1160-8","ISSN":"1520-9512","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Al-Jewair","given":"Thikriat S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Al-Jasser","given":"Reham","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almas","given":"Khalid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sleep Breath","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","12","24"]]},"page":"1111-1120","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","title":"Periodontitis and obstructive sleep apnea’s bidirectional relationship: a systematic review and meta-analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f4a00579-2bc2-3b77-acb0-cc7b27ba312c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"18","plainTextFormattedCitation":"18","previouslyFormattedCitation":"18"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}18, los cuales no han sido totalmente elucidados. Entre las diferentes hipótesis planteadas con relación al aumento de la periodontitis en sujetos con AOS, se describen: la predisposición genética, la respuesta inflamatoria compartida en ambas enfermedades y la resequedad oral presente en los pacientes con AOS que aumenta el riesgo de infecciones bacterianas y fúngicas. Esta resequedad disminuye la habilidad del sistema inmune para responder a las infecciones, altera la remodelación ósea estimulada por la hipoxia y aumenta los niveles de CO2, lo que permitiría la colonización de una microbiota diferente polimicrobiana, de tal forma que puede existir un efecto sinérgico entre estos factores. Por otra parte, los cambios ambientales de la cavidad oral a causa de la relación de periodontitis y AOS, permiten las asociaciones de microorganismos bacterianos y levaduriformesADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/20002297.2016.1270613","ISSN":"20002297","abstract":"The yeast Candida albicans is an oral commensal microorganism, occurring in the oral cavity of 50–70% of healthy individuals. Its effect on oral ecology has mostly been studied using dual-species models, which disregards the complex nature of oral biofilms. The aim of this study was to culture C. albicans in a complex model to study its effect on oral biofilms. Biofilms, inoculated using pooled stimulated saliva with or without addition of C. albicans, were grown under anaerobic, aerobic, or aerobic +5% CO 2 conditions. Red autofluorescence was quantified using a spectrophotometer and visualized in fluorescence photographs. The microbiome of 5 h biofilms was determined using 16S rDNA sequencing. C. albicans was only able to proliferate in biofilms grown under aerobic conditions. After 48 h, C. albicans did not induce differences in total biofilm formation, lactic acid accumulation (cariogenic phenotype) or protease activity (periodontitis phenotype). In vitro, anaerobically grown biofilms devel-oped red autofluorescence, irrespective of inoculum. However, under aerobic conditions, only C. albicans–containing biofilms showed red autofluorescence. Facultative or strict anaerobic Veillonella, Prevotella, Leptotrichia, and Fusobacterium genera were significantly more abun-dant in biofilms with C. albicans. Biofilms without C. albicans contained more of the aerobic and facultative anaerobic genera Neisseria, Rothia, and Streptococcus. The presence of C. albicans alters the bacterial microbiome in early in vitro oral biofilms, resulting in the presence of strictly anaerobic bacteria under oxygen-rich conditions. This in vitro study illustrates that C. albicans should not be disregarded in healthy oral ecosystems, as it has the potential to influence bacteria significantly.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janus","given":"M. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Crielaard","given":"W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Volgenant","given":"C. M.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Veen","given":"M. H.van","non-dropping-particle":"der","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brandt","given":"B. W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Krom","given":"B. P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Oral Microbiology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-10","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Candida albicans alters the bacterial microbiome of early in vitro oral biofilms","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7b546e1c-fb4c-4dde-b30f-a8f1393a6fa1"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.micpath.2015.09.009","ISSN":"10961208","abstract":"The ecological diversity of the periodontal microenvironment may provide suitable conditions for the colonization of species not usually considered members of the oral microbiota. In this investigation, we aimed to determine the prevalence and levels of pathogenic species of medical relevance in the microbiota of individuals with distinct periodontal clinical status. Subgingival biofilm was obtained from patients with periodontal health (H, n = 81), gingivitis (G, n = 55), generalized aggressive (AgP, n = 36) or chronic periodontitis (CP, n = 98), and analyzed for 39 microbial taxa using a checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization technique. Microbial differences among groups, as well as associations between clinical and microbiological parameters were sought by non-parametric and univariate correlation tests. Neisseria spp., Peptostreptococus anaerobius, Candida albicans, enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Eubacterium saphenum, Clostridium difficile and Olsenella uli were detected in high mean prevalence and counts in the subgingival microbiota of the study population. Species that were more related to periodontal inflammation and tissue destruction at the patient and site levels included enterobacteria, C. albicans, Neisseria spp., P. aeruginosa, O. uli, Hafnia alvei, Serratia marcescens and Filifactor alocis (p < 0.05). In contrast, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were associated with periodontal health (p < 0.05). Pathogenic species of medical importance may be detected in high prevalence and levels in the periodontal microbiota. Regardless of their role in periodontal health or disease, the periodontal biofilm may be a source for dissemination and development of systemic infections by these pathogenic microorganisms.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vieira Colombo","given":"Ana Paula","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Magalhães","given":"Clarissa Bichara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hartenbach","given":"Fátima Aparecida Rocha Resende","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martins do Souto","given":"Renata","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maciel da Silva-Boghossian","given":"Carina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"27-34","title":"Periodontal-disease-associated biofilm: A reservoir for pathogens of medical importance","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9938cf83-0677-4c5c-878c-01a50e3a784b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"20,21","plainTextFormattedCitation":"20,21","previouslyFormattedCitation":"20,21"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}20,21, los cuales tienen la capacidad de formar biopelículas polimicrobianas en el surco gingival, donde la presencia de Candida spp., podría cumplir un papel importante en la progresión de la periodontitis por su capacidad de colonizar tejido gingival en mayor proporciónADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arumugam","given":"Madhumietha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Clinic Implant Dentis","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"December","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"95-100","title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Subgingival Occurrence of Candida Species in Chronic Periodontitis and Peri-implantitis : A Clinical and Microbiological Study","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8adadfd6-8ee2-4d84-82b3-14fb996bb183"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/jre.12022","ISSN":"00223484","abstract":"Background and Objective : The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the subgingival colonization by Candida albicans and other yeasts with the severity of chronic periodontitis (CP). Material and Methods : After sample size calculation, 40 patients with CP and 20 healthy subjects (HS) were included in the study. Cases of slight-moderate (MCP, n = 23) and severe CP (SCP, n = 17) were defined according to the Centers for Disease Control/American Association of Periodontology classification. Subgingival samples were acquired using sterile paper-points from the sulcus or the deepest periodontal pocket of each healthy and subject with CP, respectively, and were cultured aerobically on three selective media. Yeast colonies that grew on the surface of plates were later identified by biochemical reactions. Statistical tests were used to analyze the association between subgingival yeast colonization (number of yeast-positive individuals and colony forming units (CFU) per subject) and periodontal disease status, considering statistical significance when P < 0.05. Results : Although several yeast species were found (C. parapisilosis, Rhodotorula sp., C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis), only C. albicans was present in all the patients with yeast-positive CP. Twelve patients (30%) with CP presented yeasts in the subgingival biofilm while only three patients (15%) in the HS group were positive for these microorganisms. No statistical difference was found between the CP and HS groups (P = 0.084). However, when the CP group was divided on the basis of severity, statistical differences were observed between the SCP and MCP groups (47% vs. 17%, P = 0.043), and between the SCP and HS groups (47% vs. 15%, P = 0.033). No statistical difference was observed between the MCP and HS groups (17% vs. 15%, P = 0.832). High densities of yeasts were found only in patients with MCP and SCP (mean and range 61.25 (0-100) CFU/plate and mean and range 51 (0-101) CFU/plate, respectively). Conclusion : In this group of patients, subgingival colonization of some yeasts, especially C. albicans, was associated with the severity of CP. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Canabarro","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Valle","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farias","given":"M. R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Santos","given":"F. B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lazera","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wanke","given":"B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Periodontal Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"428-432","title":"Association of subgingival colonization of Candida albicans and other yeasts with severity of chronic periodontitis","type":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a9544bb-79c1-47ae-8dff-1776423a72ba"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.micpath.2011.06.009","ISSN":"08824010","PMID":"21742026","abstract":"Although Candida albicans has been isolated from periodontal pockets, its relationship to periodontitis is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of C. albicans on the adhesion and invasion of Ca9-22, a human gingival epithelial cell line, and human gingival fibroblasts by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Heat-killed C. albicans and water-soluble mannoprotein-β-glucan complex from C. albicans (CAWS) did not enhance P. gingivalis adhesion or upregulate the expression of β1 integrin and ICAM-1, which are required for P. gingivalis invasion; both the epithelial cells and fibroblasts expressed dectin-1, which recognizes components of the C. albicans cell wall. However, pretreatment of Ca9-22 cells and human gingival fibroblasts with heat-killed C. albicans or CAWS significantly enhanced P. gingivalis invasion. These results suggest that C. albicans may exacerbate infectious disease by enhancing the invasion of host cells by anaerobic bacteria. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tamai","given":"Riyoko","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sugamata","given":"Miho","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kiyoura","given":"Yusuke","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"250-254","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Candida albicans enhances invasion of human gingival epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts by Porphyromonas gingivalis","type":"article-journal","volume":"51"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c6abd236-09d2-49e0-b4ef-913def2ad4b8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"22–24","plainTextFormattedCitation":"22–24","previouslyFormattedCitation":"22–24"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}22–24. En resultados preliminares aún no publicados y obtenidos en nuestro grupo de investigación, sobre la caracterización de la microbiota oral de pacientes con Apnea Obstructiva del sueño, se determinó la presencia de microorganismos de orden periodontopatógeno, sin embargo, la levadura de mayor frecuencia fue Candida albicans. Adicionalmente, se identificaron microorganismos no comunes o no reportados como participantes de procesos infecciosos como la periodontitis. Ahora bien, el principal tratamiento para los pacientes que cursan por una periodontitis en un primer momento es la terapia mecánica como el raspado supra y subgingival y alisado radicular, acompañada eventualmente del uso de antibióticos como doxiciclina, clindamicina, amoxicilina, penicilina V y una combinación de amoxicilina y metronidazolADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jhin.2009.02.010","ISBN":"0195-6701","ISSN":"01956701","PMID":"19329223","abstract":"Dental implants have become increasingly common for the management of tooth loss. Despite their placement in a contaminated surgical field, success rates are relatively high. This article reviews dental implants and highlights factors leading to infection and potential implant failure. A literature search identified studies analysing the microbial composition of peri-implant infections. The microflora of dental peri-implantitis resembles that found in chronic periodontitis, featuring predominantly anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli, in particular Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, anaerobic Gram-negative cocci such as Veillonella spp. and spirochaetes including Treponema denticola. The role of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci that are typically encountered in orthopaedic infections is debatable, although they undoubtedly play a role when isolated from clinically infected sites. Likewise, the aetiological involvement of coliforms and Candida spp. requires further longitudinal studies. Currently, there are neither standardised antibiotic prophylactic regimens for dental implant placement nor universally accepted treatment for peri-implantitis. The treatment of infected implants is difficult and usually requires removal. In the UK there is no systematic post-surgical implant surveillance programme. Therefore, the development of such a project would be advisable and provide valuable epidemiological data. © 2009 The Hospital Infection Society.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pye","given":"A. D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lockhart","given":"D. E.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dawson","given":"M. P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Murray","given":"C. A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Smith","given":"A. J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"104-110","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"A review of dental implants and infection","type":"article-journal","volume":"72"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ced9c863-9aee-4fa4-a6b4-29b3e4bdec9b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"25","plainTextFormattedCitation":"25","previouslyFormattedCitation":"25"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}25, de forma sistémica o local. Esta terapia no está dirigida a contrarrestar la infección por consorcios polimicrobianos bacterianos asociados a levaduras, lo cual dificulta aún más el éxito de tratamiento con antibióticosADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/prd.12201","ISBN":"1600-0757","ISSN":"16000757","PMID":"28758300","abstract":"Treatment of periodontitis aims at preventing further disease progression with the intentions to reduce the risk of tooth loss, minimize symptoms and perception of the disease, possibly restore lost periodontal tissue and provide information on maintaining a healthy periodontium. Therapeutic intervention includes introduction of techniques to change behavior, such as: individually tailored oral-hygiene instructions; a smoking-cessation program; dietary adjustment; subgingival instrumentation to remove plaque and calculus; local and systemic pharmacotherapy; and various types of surgery. No single treatment option has shown superiority, and virtually all types of mechanical periodontal treatment benefit from adjunctive antimicrobial chemotherapy. Periodontal treatment, because of the chronic nature of periodontitis, is a lifelong commitment to intricate oral-hygiene techniques, which, when properly implemented, will minimize the risk of disease initiation and progression.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Graziani","given":"Filippo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karapetsa","given":"Dimitra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alonso","given":"Bettina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Herrera","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Periodontology 2000","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"152-188","title":"Nonsurgical and surgical treatment of periodontitis: how many options for one disease?","type":"article-journal","volume":"75"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3769026c-48a8-4207-83bf-38ab78258f69"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"26","plainTextFormattedCitation":"26","previouslyFormattedCitation":"26"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}26, lo que conlleva a que la enfermedad progrese, y además el tratamiento quirúrgico puede llegar a ser sumamente invasivo. En cuanto al tratamiento de infecciones por Candida spp., se emplean tres grupos de anfifúngicos: Azoles (Fluconazol), Equinocandinas (caspofungina, micafungina, y anidulafungina) y Polienos (Anfotericina B - AMB). La AMB es un antifúngico poliénico, producido a partir de cultivos de Streptomyces nodosu y presenta un amplio espectro de acción contra hongos causantes de micosis sistémicas y, por lo tanto, generalmente su administración es por vía parenteralADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s40265-013-0069-4","ISSN":"00126667","abstract":"Because of the increasing prevalence and changing microbiological spectrum of invasive fungal infections, some form of amphotericin B still provides the most reliable and broad spectrum therapeutic alternative. However, the use of amphotericin B deoxycholate is accompanied by dose-limited toxicities, most importantly, infusion-related reactions and nephrotoxicity. In an attempt to improve the therapeutic index of amphotericin B, three lipid-associated formulations were developed, including amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB), and amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD). The lipid composition of all three of these preparations differs considerably and contributes to substantially different pharmacokinetic parameters. ABLC is the largest of the lipid preparations. Because of its size, it is taken up rapidly by macrophages and becomes sequestered in tissues of the mononuclear phagocyte system such as the liver and spleen. Consequently, compared with the conventional formulation, it has lower circulating amphotericin B serum concentrations, reflected in a marked increase in volume of distribution and clearance. Lung levels are considerably higher than those achieved with other lipid-associated preparations. The recommended therapeutic dose of ABLC is 5 mg/kg/day. Because of its small size and negative charge, L-AmB avoids substantial recognition and uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Therefore, a single dose of L-AmB results in a much higher peak plasma level (Cmax) than conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate and a much larger area under the concentration-time curve. Tissue concentrations in patients receiving L-AmB tend to be highest in the liver and spleen and much lower in kidneys and lung. Recommended therapeutic dosages are 3-6 mg/kg/day. After intravenous infusion, ABCD complexes remain largely intact and are rapidly removed from the circulation by cells of the macrophage phagocyte system. On a milligram-to-milligram basis, the Cmax achieved is lower than that attained by conventional amphotericin B, although the larger doses of ABCD that are administered produce an absolute level that is similar to amphotericin B. ABCD exhibits dose-limiting, infusion-related toxicities; consequently, the administered dosages should not exceed 3-4 mg/kg/day. The few comparative clinical trials that have been completed with the lipid-associated formulations have not demonstrated important clinical differences among these…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hamill","given":"Richard J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Drugs","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"9","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"919-934","title":"Amphotericin B formulations: A comparative review of efficacy and toxicity","type":"article-journal","volume":"73"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6c088005-87eb-4c85-a835-7b0f8e0df09a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"27","plainTextFormattedCitation":"27","previouslyFormattedCitation":"27"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}27. Estudios in vitro han reportado la eficacia de AMB y las equinocandinas sobre a biopelículas formadas C. albicansADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/s1130-1406(07)70055-4","ISSN":"11301406","abstract":"Invasive infections caused by Candida spp. are increasing worldwide and are becoming an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. A large number of manifestations of candidiasis are associated with the formation of biofilms on inert or biological surfaces. Candida spp. biofilms are recalcitrant to treatment with conventional antifungal therapies. The aim of this study was dual 1) to determine the prevalence of biofilm producers among clinical isolates from catheter (16 C. albicans ) and blood culture (2 C. albicans and 30 C. tropicalis), and 2) to determine the activity of amphotericin B and anidulafungin against C. albicans and C. tropicalis biofilms of 24 and 48 hours of maturation. Biofilms were developed using a 96-well microtitre plate model and production and activity of antifungal agents against biofilms were determined by the tetrazolium (XTT) reduction assay. Of catheter and blood isolates, 62.5 and 56.25%, respectively, produced biofilms. By species, 68.42% of C. albicans and 53.33% of C. tropicalis were biofilm producers. C. albicans biofilms showed more resistance to amphotericin B and anidulafungin than their planktonic counterparts. Complete killing of biofilms was never achieved, even at the highest concentrations of the drugs tested. Anidulafungin displayed more activity than amphotericin B against C. albicans biofilms of 24 hours of maturation (GM MIC 0.354 vs. 0.686 µg/ml), but against C. tropicalis biofilms amphotericin B was more active (GM MIC 11.285 vs. 0.476 µg/ml). In contrast, against biofilms with 48 hours maturation, amphotericin B was more active against both species developed using a 96-well microtitre plate model and production and","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Valentín","given":"Amparo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cantón","given":"Emilia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pemán","given":"Javier","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Quindós","given":"Guillermo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Micología","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"272-277","title":"Actividad in vitro de la anfotericina B y la anidulafungina sobre biopelículas de Candida albicans y Candida tropicalis","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a3e0e3d-3740-4a4f-9419-29bb3b885697"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.riam.2012.01.006","ISSN":"1130-1406","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Quindós","given":"Guillermo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Villar-Vidal","given":"María","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eraso","given":"Elena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Micología","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"49-55","title":"Actividad de la micafungina contra las biopelículas de Candida","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c76d76a9-d379-4d1b-b77a-465407a82dd8"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1128/AAC.46.6.1773","ISBN":"0066-4804 (Print)\\r0066-4804 (Linking)","ISSN":"0066-4804","PMID":"12019089","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kuhn","given":"D.M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"George","given":"T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chandra","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mukherjee","given":"P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghannoum","given":"M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY,","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"1773-1780","title":"Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Biofilms: Unique Efficacy of Amphotericin B Lipid Formulations and Echinocandins D.","type":"article-journal","volume":"46"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7447e138-c0a5-40c8-9cdb-5b6a1ef1d8e3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"28–30","plainTextFormattedCitation":"28–30","previouslyFormattedCitation":"28–30"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}28–30. No obstante, es posible que estos antifúngicos aplicados directamente, no tengan el efecto esperado en un menor tiempo, debido a la composición de las biopelículas, lo que hace que haya una difícil penetración del medicamento a esas estructuras. En los últimos años, la síntesis de péptidos antimicrobianos ha tomado gran importancia en la generación de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas con el fin de combatir enfermedades infecciosas, ocasionado principalmente por el aumento de la resistencia microbiana a los antibióticosADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.031","ISSN":"18787568","abstract":"Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis represent the early, middle and late colonizers of the bacterial accretion in dental plaque biofilms. These sessile communities constitute a protected mode of growth that promotes survival in a hostile environment. This study describes a novel and unrecognized role for a synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptide, Nal-P-113, which inhibits and kills periodontal bacteria in planktonic state, inhibits the formation of biofilms and eradicates polymicrobial biofilms. Nal-P-113 is also stable in saliva, serum and saline solution. At a concentration less than 320 μg/mL which is harmless to normal oral cells, Nal-P-113 can kill bacteria in planktonic state. At a concentration of antimicrobial peptide Nal-P-113 (1280 μg/mL) which only causes slight damages to normal oral cells is needed to kill bacteria in biofilm state. It is worth mentioning that this concentration of Nal-P-113 is harmless to rat oral mucosa compared to chlorhexidine. The mechanism of Nal-P-113 inhibiting and killing periodontal bacteria might rely on the abilities to permeabilize and/or to form pores within the cytoplasmic membranes, thus causes the death of bacteria. Here, we provided a novel and stable antimicrobial peptide with very low mammalian cytotoxicity, which can inhibit and kill periodontal bacteria in both planktonic and polymicrobial biofilm states. Statement of Significance Nal-P-113 is a potent antimicrobial peptide with strong antimicrobial ability, improved deficiency compared with other antibacterial peptides, and remains stable in phosphate buffered saline, saliva, brain-heart infusion medium and bovine calf serum. Nal-P-113 exhibits a broad spectrum of bacteriocidal activity with excellent eradicating capability on oral pathogens and the respective biofilms. In this study, we used propidium iodide staining, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to confirm that Nal-P-113 can perforate plasmalemma thereby resulting in the death of oral pathogens and disintegrate the respective biofilms. Nal-P-113 also showed effective anti-plaque biofilms and cytotoxicity in the rat periodontitis model. No adverse effects can be observed on the gingivomucosa tissue. In short, the antimicrobial peptide Nal-P-113 presented to be an effective yet have low mammalian cytotoxicity agent with potential application in the clinic. This study provides a proof of concept in applying antimicrobial pep…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Hong Yan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cheng","given":"Jya Wei","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yu","given":"Hui Yuan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lin","given":"Li","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chih","given":"Ya Han","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pan","given":"Ya Ping","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Acta Biomaterialia","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"150-161","publisher":"Acta Materialia Inc.","title":"Efficacy of a novel antimicrobial peptide against periodontal pathogens in both planktonic and polymicrobial biofilm states","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4d80b46-539f-4602-9eb1-d419ee98a6ba"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"6","plainTextFormattedCitation":"6","previouslyFormattedCitation":"6"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}6. La síntesis química de derivados de péptidos antimicrobianos permite diseñar y obtener péptidos terapéuticos, seguros, con una secuencia determinada de aminoácidos, de obtención rápida y con una alta purezaADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1039/c9ra00708c","ISBN":"5713165000","ISSN":"20462069","abstract":"Dimeric and tetrameric peptides derived from LfcinB (20-25): RRWQWR, LfcinB (20-30): RRWQWRMKKLG, LfcinB (17-31): FKARRWQWRMKKLGA, or the palindromic sequence LfcinB (21-25)Pal: RWQWRWQWR were obtained by means of the SPPS-Fmoc/tBu methodology. The antibacterial activity of these molecules was evaluated against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922 and ATCC 11775), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). The dimer LfcinB (20-25)2: (RRWQWR)2K-Ahx, the tetramer LfcinB (20-25)4: (RRWQWR)4K2-Ahx2-C2, and the palindromic sequence LfcinB (21-25)Pal exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. In all cases, the antibacterial activity was dependent on peptide concentration. The polyvalent molecules LfcinB (20-25)2 and LfcinB (20-25)4 exhibited bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus strains; additionally, this dimer and this tetramer combined with ciprofloxacin exhibited a synergistic antibacterial effect against E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Furthermore, the peptides LfcinB (20-30)4, LfcinB (20-25)4, and LfcinB (21-25)Pal combined with vancomycin exhibited a synergistic antibacterial effect against S. aureus and E. faecalis, respectively. This study showed that polyvalent peptides derived from LfcinB exhibit significant antibacterial activity, suggesting that these peptides could have a therapeutic application. Furthermore, our results suggest that polyvalent peptide synthesis could be considered as an innovative and viable strategy for obtaining promising antimicrobial molecules.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vargas-Casanova","given":"Yerly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rodríguez-Mayor","given":"Andrea Verónica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cardenas","given":"Karen Johanna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leal-Castro","given":"Aura Lucía","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muñoz-Molina","given":"Liliana Constanza","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fierro-Medina","given":"Ricardo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rivera-Monroy","given":"Zuly Jenny","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"García-Castañeda","given":"Javier Eduardo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"RSC Advances","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"13","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"7239-7245","title":"Synergistic bactericide and antibiotic effects of dimeric, tetrameric, or palindromic peptides containing the RWQWR motif against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6b8bc963-70d9-4c39-bda9-ad1890e893a4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"31","plainTextFormattedCitation":"31","previouslyFormattedCitation":"31"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}31. Existen diferentes tipos de PAMs, uno de ellos agrupa a los péptidos aniónicos y catiónicos derivados de proteínas con actividad antibacteriana, como la Lactoferricina (Lfcin) producto de la Lactoferrina (LF), que es una glicoproteína de unión a hierro de ~ 80 kDa. Se encuentra predominantemente en los fluidos secretados de mamíferos como leche, lágrimas, saliva, fluido crevicular gingival, moco bronquial y plasma seminal, y se almacena en los gránulos secundarios de leucocitos polimorfonucleares (PMN)ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s00018-005-5373-z","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gifford","given":"J L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hunter","given":"H N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vogel","given":"H J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"2588-2598","title":"Lactoferricin : a lactoferrin-derived peptide with antimicrobial , antiviral , antitumor and immunological","type":"article-journal","volume":"62"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8dc0fcfc-0f37-4afd-8963-fbfc548c3987"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"32","plainTextFormattedCitation":"32","previouslyFormattedCitation":"32"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}32. Se ha reportado que LF suprime la adhesión y agregación de Streptococcus gordonii por secuestro de hierro, conduciendo a la inhibición del desarrollo de biopelículas oralesADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1399-302X.2009.00537.x","ISSN":"09020055","abstract":"Introduction: Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding salivary glycoprotein, plays an important role in human innate defense against local mucosal infection. We hypothesized that Lf interferes with initial oral bacterial attachment to surfaces by iron sequestration, so inhibiting subsequent biofilm formation. The objective was to investigate the effect of Lf on the early stages of single-species and multi-species oral biofilm development. Methods: Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis were used in this study. Glass disks of a two-track flow cell coated with flowing artificial saliva (0.3 ml/min) with and without Lf (100 μg/ml) were used for studying bacterial attachment (3 h, 37°C). Attachment was also examined by incubating single or multiple species of test bacteria (107 colony-forming units/ml) with Lf-coated (20-100 μg/ml) and uncoated glass slides. The effects of β-lactoglobulin, 2,2′-dipyridyl (25-100 μg/ml), an iron chelator, and FeCl3 on attachment were also examined. Results: Lf inhibited the initial attachment of S. gordonii (50.3%, P < 0.05) but not that of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. However, the attachment of a dual-species biofilm containing S. gordonii (i.e. S. gordonii/F. nucleatum or S. gordonii/P. gingivalis) was significantly reduced (48.7% or 62.1%, respectively, P < 0.05) in the presence of Lf. β-Lactoglobulin did not affect the attachment of S. gordonii. In the presence of 100 μm 2,2′-dipyridyl, attachment of S. gordonii was reduced by 53.87%. No reduction in attachment was noted in S. gordonii pretreated with Lf (100 μg/ml) and FeCl3 (20-200 μm). Conclusion: Lf suppresses initial attachment of S. gordonii and S. gordonii coaggregates by iron sequestration. This may lead to subsequent inhibition of oral biofilm development. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arslan","given":"S. Y.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leung","given":"K. P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wu","given":"C. D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Oral Microbiology and Immunology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"411-416","title":"The effect of lactoferrin on oral bacterial attachment","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dde2dc32-3b13-4903-9ee6-85d74fb881b7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"33","plainTextFormattedCitation":"33","previouslyFormattedCitation":"33"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}33. Biopelículas formadas por Porphyromonas gingivalis y Prevotella intermedia también fueron inhibidas a concentraciones bajas de LFADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1128/AAC.01688-08","ISSN":"00664804","abstract":"Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding antimicrobial protein present in saliva and gingival crevicular fluids, and it is possibly associated with host defense against oral pathogens, including periodontopathic bacteria. In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro effects of LF-related agents on the growth and biofilm formation of two periodontopathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, which reside as biofilms in the subgingival plaque. The planktonic growth of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia was suppressed for up to 5 h by incubation with ≥130 μg/ml of human LF (hLF), iron-free and iron-saturated bovine LF (apo-bLF and holo-bLF, respectively), and ≥6 μg/ml of bLF-derived antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin B (LFcin B); but those effects were weak after 8 h. The biofilm formation of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia over 24 h was effectively inhibited by lower concentrations (≥8 μg/ml) of various iron-bound forms (the apo, native, and holo forms) of bLF and hLF but not LFcin B. A preformed biofilm of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia was also reduced by incubation with various iron-bound bLFs, hLF, and LFcin B for 5 h. In an examination of the effectiveness of native bLF when it was used in combination with four antibiotics, it was found that treatment with ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, and minocycline in combination with native bLF for 24 h reduced the amount of a preformed biofilm of P. gingivalis compared with the level of reduction achieved with each agent alone. These results demonstrate the antibiofilm activity of LF with lower iron dependency against P. gingivalis and P. intermedia and the potential usefulness of LF for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases and as adjunct therapy for periodontal diseases. Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wakabayashi","given":"Hiroyuki","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yamauchi","given":"Koji","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kobayashi","given":"Tetsuo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yaeshima","given":"Tomoko","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Iwatsuki","given":"Keiji","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yoshie","given":"Hiromasa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"8","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"3308-3316","title":"Inhibitory effects of lactoferrin on growth and biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia","type":"article-journal","volume":"53"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=124525a8-2e76-4d47-84a7-aee660607f0b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"34","plainTextFormattedCitation":"34","previouslyFormattedCitation":"34"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}34. La Lactoferricina (Lfcin) es un péptido cuya secuencia se encuentra localizada en la región N-terminal de la LF, se origina por hidrólisis enzimática, tiene una carga neta de +8 dada por la presencia de residuos de Arg y Lys, características anfipáticas, y posee una potente actividad antimicrobianaADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10534-018-0086-6","ISSN":"1572-8773","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hao","given":"Ya","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yang","given":"Na","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Teng","given":"Da","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Xiumin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mao","given":"Ruoyu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Jianhua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"R Mao Á J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BioMetals","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"331-341","publisher":"Springer Netherlands","title":"A review of the design and modification of lactoferricins and their derivatives","type":"article-journal","volume":"31"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=94f80d8e-7066-4cfc-bd5d-cf2cf2ab6a46"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"35","plainTextFormattedCitation":"35","previouslyFormattedCitation":"35"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}35. Dentro de este grupo de Lfcinas, se encuentra la Lfcin B o Lactoferricina Bovina (LfcinB: 17FKCRRWQWRMKKLGAP-SITC-VRRAF41) compuesta por 25 aminoácidos, posee actividad antibacteriana, antifúngica, antiparasitaria, antiviral y antitumoral, atribuida al motivo mínimo RRWQWR presente en su estructuraADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1039/c9ra00708c","ISBN":"5713165000","ISSN":"20462069","abstract":"Dimeric and tetrameric peptides derived from LfcinB (20-25): RRWQWR, LfcinB (20-30): RRWQWRMKKLG, LfcinB (17-31): FKARRWQWRMKKLGA, or the palindromic sequence LfcinB (21-25)Pal: RWQWRWQWR were obtained by means of the SPPS-Fmoc/tBu methodology. The antibacterial activity of these molecules was evaluated against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922 and ATCC 11775), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). The dimer LfcinB (20-25)2: (RRWQWR)2K-Ahx, the tetramer LfcinB (20-25)4: (RRWQWR)4K2-Ahx2-C2, and the palindromic sequence LfcinB (21-25)Pal exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. In all cases, the antibacterial activity was dependent on peptide concentration. The polyvalent molecules LfcinB (20-25)2 and LfcinB (20-25)4 exhibited bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus strains; additionally, this dimer and this tetramer combined with ciprofloxacin exhibited a synergistic antibacterial effect against E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Furthermore, the peptides LfcinB (20-30)4, LfcinB (20-25)4, and LfcinB (21-25)Pal combined with vancomycin exhibited a synergistic antibacterial effect against S. aureus and E. faecalis, respectively. This study showed that polyvalent peptides derived from LfcinB exhibit significant antibacterial activity, suggesting that these peptides could have a therapeutic application. Furthermore, our results suggest that polyvalent peptide synthesis could be considered as an innovative and viable strategy for obtaining promising antimicrobial molecules.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vargas-Casanova","given":"Yerly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rodríguez-Mayor","given":"Andrea Verónica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cardenas","given":"Karen Johanna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leal-Castro","given":"Aura Lucía","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muñoz-Molina","given":"Liliana Constanza","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fierro-Medina","given":"Ricardo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rivera-Monroy","given":"Zuly Jenny","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"García-Castañeda","given":"Javier Eduardo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"RSC Advances","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"13","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"7239-7245","title":"Synergistic bactericide and antibiotic effects of dimeric, tetrameric, or palindromic peptides containing the RWQWR motif against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6b8bc963-70d9-4c39-bda9-ad1890e893a4"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s00018-005-5373-z","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gifford","given":"J L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hunter","given":"H N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vogel","given":"H J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"2588-2598","title":"Lactoferricin : a lactoferrin-derived peptide with antimicrobial , antiviral , antitumor and immunological","type":"article-journal","volume":"62"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8dc0fcfc-0f37-4afd-8963-fbfc548c3987"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/molecules22101641","ISBN":"5713165000","ISSN":"14203049","abstract":"Linear, dimeric, tetrameric, and cyclic peptides derived from lactoferricin B, containing the RRWQWR motif, were designed, synthesized, purified, and characterized using RP-HPLC chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of the designed peptides against E. coli (ATCC 11775 and 25922) and their cytotoxic effect against MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were evaluated. Dimeric and tetrameric peptides showed higher antibacterial activity in both bacteria strains than linear peptides. The dimeric peptide (RRWQWR)₂K-Ahx exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. Furthermore, the peptides with high antibacterial activity exhibited significant cytotoxic effect against the tested breast cancer cell lines. This cytotoxic effect was fast and dependent on the peptide concentration. The tetrameric molecule containing RRWQWR motif has an optimal cytotoxic effect at a concentration of 22 µM. The evaluated dimeric and tetrameric peptides could be considered as candidates for developing new therapeutic agents against breast cancer. Polyvalence of linear sequences could be considered as a novel and versatile strategy for obtaining molecules with high anticancer activity.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vargas Casanova","given":"Yerly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rodríguez Guerra","given":"Jorge Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Umaña Pérez","given":"Yadi Adriana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leal Castro","given":"Aura Lucía","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almanzar Reina","given":"Giovanni","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"García Castañeda","given":"Javier Eduardo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rivera Monroy","given":"Zuly Jenny","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Molecules","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"10","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-11","title":"Antibacterial Synthetic Peptides Derived from Bovine Lactoferricin Exhibit Cytotoxic Effect against MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Lines","type":"article-journal","volume":"22"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=001a5285-bf8f-44e3-9b7b-2e385c01ace7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"31,32,36","plainTextFormattedCitation":"31,32,36","previouslyFormattedCitation":"31,32,36"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}31,32,36. Se ha demostrado una significante actividad antibacteriana de las secuencias dimérica, tetramérica y palindrómica de LfcinB sobre bacterias Gram-positivas y Gram-negativasADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1039/c9ra00708c","ISBN":"5713165000","ISSN":"20462069","abstract":"Dimeric and tetrameric peptides derived from LfcinB (20-25): RRWQWR, LfcinB (20-30): RRWQWRMKKLG, LfcinB (17-31): FKARRWQWRMKKLGA, or the palindromic sequence LfcinB (21-25)Pal: RWQWRWQWR were obtained by means of the SPPS-Fmoc/tBu methodology. The antibacterial activity of these molecules was evaluated against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922 and ATCC 11775), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). The dimer LfcinB (20-25)2: (RRWQWR)2K-Ahx, the tetramer LfcinB (20-25)4: (RRWQWR)4K2-Ahx2-C2, and the palindromic sequence LfcinB (21-25)Pal exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. In all cases, the antibacterial activity was dependent on peptide concentration. The polyvalent molecules LfcinB (20-25)2 and LfcinB (20-25)4 exhibited bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus strains; additionally, this dimer and this tetramer combined with ciprofloxacin exhibited a synergistic antibacterial effect against E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Furthermore, the peptides LfcinB (20-30)4, LfcinB (20-25)4, and LfcinB (21-25)Pal combined with vancomycin exhibited a synergistic antibacterial effect against S. aureus and E. faecalis, respectively. This study showed that polyvalent peptides derived from LfcinB exhibit significant antibacterial activity, suggesting that these peptides could have a therapeutic application. Furthermore, our results suggest that polyvalent peptide synthesis could be considered as an innovative and viable strategy for obtaining promising antimicrobial molecules.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vargas-Casanova","given":"Yerly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rodríguez-Mayor","given":"Andrea Verónica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cardenas","given":"Karen Johanna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leal-Castro","given":"Aura Lucía","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muñoz-Molina","given":"Liliana Constanza","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fierro-Medina","given":"Ricardo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rivera-Monroy","given":"Zuly Jenny","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"García-Castañeda","given":"Javier Eduardo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"RSC Advances","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"13","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"7239-7245","title":"Synergistic bactericide and antibiotic effects of dimeric, tetrameric, or palindromic peptides containing the RWQWR motif against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6b8bc963-70d9-4c39-bda9-ad1890e893a4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"31","plainTextFormattedCitation":"31","previouslyFormattedCitation":"31"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}31. En los últimos años se han propuesto diferentes estrategias dirigidas a interrumpir el complejo microambiente de las biopelículas microbianasADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/nrmicro.2017.99","ISSN":"17401534","abstract":"Biofilm formation is a key virulence factor for a wide range of microorganisms that cause chronic infections. The multifactorial nature of biofilm development and drug tolerance imposes great challenges for the use of conventional antimicrobials and indicates the need for multi-targeted or combinatorial therapies. In this Review, we focus on current therapeutic strategies and those under development that target vital structural and functional traits of microbial biofilms and drug tolerance mechanisms, including the extracellular matrix and dormant cells. We emphasize strategies that are supported by in vivo or ex vivo studies, highlight emerging biofilm-targeting technologies and provide a rationale for multi-targeted therapies aimed at disrupting the complex biofilm microenvironment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Koo","given":"Hyun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allan","given":"Raymond N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Howlin","given":"Robert P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stoodley","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hall-Stoodley","given":"Luanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"12","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","12","1"]]},"page":"740-755","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","title":"Targeting microbial biofilms: Current and prospective therapeutic strategies","type":"article","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c0563c4b-0c19-3919-ba05-a00411bcd236"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"37","plainTextFormattedCitation":"37","previouslyFormattedCitation":"37"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}37, sin embargo las biopelículas polimicrobianas plantean un desafío adicional, debido a que requieren antimicrobianos que sean efectivos contra todos los microorganismos patógenos presentes en la biopelícula, incluso sobre la matriz de polímeros extracelulares (EPS), la cual le confiere mayor complejidad a la biopelícula, por su poco permeabilidad a sustancias antimicrobianasADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/nrmicro.2017.99","ISSN":"17401534","abstract":"Biofilm formation is a key virulence factor for a wide range of microorganisms that cause chronic infections. The multifactorial nature of biofilm development and drug tolerance imposes great challenges for the use of conventional antimicrobials and indicates the need for multi-targeted or combinatorial therapies. In this Review, we focus on current therapeutic strategies and those under development that target vital structural and functional traits of microbial biofilms and drug tolerance mechanisms, including the extracellular matrix and dormant cells. We emphasize strategies that are supported by in vivo or ex vivo studies, highlight emerging biofilm-targeting technologies and provide a rationale for multi-targeted therapies aimed at disrupting the complex biofilm microenvironment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Koo","given":"Hyun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allan","given":"Raymond N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Howlin","given":"Robert P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stoodley","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hall-Stoodley","given":"Luanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"12","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","12","1"]]},"page":"740-755","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","title":"Targeting microbial biofilms: Current and prospective therapeutic strategies","type":"article","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c0563c4b-0c19-3919-ba05-a00411bcd236"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"37","plainTextFormattedCitation":"37","previouslyFormattedCitation":"37"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}37. Por esta razón, es de gran importancia la implementación de tecnologías para el desarrollo de partículas poliméricas, las cuales son agregados de polímeros insolubles o de baja solubilidad en agua de tamaños entre 10 y 500 nm, capaces de almacenar sustancias antimicrobianas y penetrar dichas estructuras complejas como son las biopelículas, de tal forma que puedan ser empleados en la liberación controlada de antimicrobianosADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/J.COLSURFA.2016.12.029","ISSN":"0927-7757","abstract":"Solvent displacement in comparison with other polymeric particles preparation technique provides certain crucial advantages such as water, time and energy lower consumption, procedure and set-up simplicity in nanoparticles preparation. The objective of this study was optimization of formulation in terms of the particle size, size distribution, zeta potential and morphology. In this study polycaprolactone based nanoparticles were prepared by solvent displacement or nanoprecipitation method. To prepare nanoparticles firstly, polycaprolactone was dissolved in acetone that form organic phase, secondly, for aqueous phase preparation, Tween® 80 and polyvinyl alcohol as stabilizer of the system, were dissolved in the water. Consecutively, under magnetic agitation organic phase was injected through a syringe to the aqueous phase. Acetone was removed under reduced pressure by rotavapor. Furthermore, different formulation and process related variables such as evaporation technique, organic phase injection method and rate, stabilizer nature, polymer concentration, Tween® 80 and polyvinyl alcohol concentration, stirring speed, organic and aqueous phases volume, were studied. To conclude, systematic study is indispensable before investigation of any drug encapsulation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Badri","given":"Waisudin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Miladi","given":"Karim","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nazari","given":"Qand Agha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fessi","given":"Hatem","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Elaissari","given":"Abdelhamid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3","5"]]},"page":"238-244","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Effect of process and formulation parameters on polycaprolactone nanoparticles prepared by solvent displacement","type":"article-journal","volume":"516"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a255cde0-0149-356e-9c07-ffb766622d1f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"38","plainTextFormattedCitation":"38","previouslyFormattedCitation":"38"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}38. Es así, que este tipo de estructuras pueden ser consideradas como una herramienta eficaz para la administración in situ de agentes antimicrobianos a partir de prototipos intraorales, que permitan inhibir la formación de estructuras complejas de difícil penetración como las biopelículas polimicrobianas causantes de enfermedades como la periodontitis. Por todo lo anterior, surge la pregunta de investigación, ¿Un sistema de encapsulación de liberación controlada de LfcinB y Anfotericina B, puede inhibir la formación de biopelículas polimicrobianas in vitro relacionadas a la Periodontitis asociada a Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño?
| Estado | Finalizado |
|---|---|
| Fecha de inicio/Fecha fin | 15/10/21 → 14/10/23 |
Palabras clave
- Anfotericina b
- Apnea obstructiva del sueño
- Biopeliculas polimicrobianas
- Lactoferricina b
- Periodontitis
- Sistemas de liberación controlada de fármacos
Estado del Proyecto
- Sin definir
Financiación de proyectos
- Interna
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Huella digital
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