ANÁLISIS DE LA INTERACCIÓN METABÓLICA ENTRE LA MICROBIOTA INTESTINAL Y EL HOSPEDERO EN LACTANTES SANOS QUE CONSUMEN FÓRMULAS INFANTILES

De manera natural, el intestino humano se encuentra colonizado por una gran diversidad de microorganismos con los cuales se ha establecido una relación simbiótica, cuyo equilibrio contribuye a la salud integral del individuo y cuyo desbalance puede llegar a jugar un papel importante en procesos de enfermedad ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/nyas.13033","ISSN":"00778923","PMID":"26945826","abstract":"The microorganisms inhabiting the human gut are abundant (10(14) cells) and diverse (approximately 500 species per individual). It is now acknowledged that the microbiota has coevolved with its host to achieve a symbiotic relationship, leading to physiological homeostasis. The gut microbiota ensures vital functions, such as food digestibility, maturation of the host immune system, and protection against pathogens. Over the last few decades, the gut microbiota has also been associated with numerous diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and metabolic diseases. In most of these pathologies, a microbial dysbiosis has been found, indicating shifts in the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota and changes in its functionality. Our understanding of the influence of the gut microbiota on human health is still growing. Working with microorganisms residing in the gut is challenging since most of them are anaerobic and a vast majority (approximately 75%) are uncultivable to date. Recently, a wide range of new approaches (meta-omics) has been developed to bypass the uncultivability and reveal the intricate mechanisms that sustain gut microbial homeostasis. After a brief description of these approaches (metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics), this review will discuss the importance of considering the gut microbiome as a structured ecosystem and the use of meta-omics to decipher dysfunctions of the gut microbiome in diseases.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mondot","given":"Stanislas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lepage","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016","5"]]},"page":"9-19","title":"The human gut microbiome and its dysfunctions through the meta-omics prism","type":"article-journal","volume":"1372"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=49961197-cfcf-35e7-a7d4-9ca1b6c61399"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. A esta comunidad de microorganismos se les ha denominado microbiota intestinal y diversos estudios han demostrado el rol que tiene ésta en la protección frente a la colonización por microorganismos patógenos, la inducción de tolerancia inmunológica y la regulación del metabolismo ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01060.x","ISSN":"08035253","PMID":"19143664","abstract":"UNLABELLED In adult individuals, the intestinal microbiota comprises several hundred, mostly anaerobic, bacterial species. This complex ecosystem is formed through the successive establishment of different bacteria in infancy and early childhood. Facultative and aerotolerant bacteria establish first, followed by more and more strict anaerobes. The bacteria derive from different sources and the colonization pattern is influenced by delivery mode and environmental factors. Commensal microbes provide the major drive for maturation of the immune system. Increased hygiene appears to have changed the gut flora of Western infants, which may affect the risk of developing immune mediated diseases. CONCLUSION It is clear that the process of infant colonization needs to be studied further, since composition of the microbiota may impact on child health.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adlerberth","given":"I","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wold","given":"AE","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Acta Paediatrica","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009","1","12"]]},"page":"229-238","title":"Establishment of the gut microbiota in Western infants","type":"article-journal","volume":"98"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eada086f-d2d6-302c-ac60-24d0c7181e5d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8","ISSN":"1436-6207","PMID":"28393285","abstract":"The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire that is distinct from, but complements the activity of mammalian enzymes in the liver and gut mucosa and includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, the gut microbiota is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet and, therefore, its impact on host health and disease. The important role that the gut microbiota appears to play in human metabolism and health has stimulated research into the identification of specific microorganisms involved in different processes, and the elucidation of metabolic pathways, particularly those associated with metabolism of dietary components and some host-generated substances. In the first part of the review, we discuss the main gut microorganisms, particularly bacteria, and microbial pathways associated with the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids and gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, and vitamins. The second part of the review focuses on the methodologies, existing and novel, that can be employed to explore gut microbial pathways of metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated microbes, and enzyme assays.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rowland","given":"Ian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gibson","given":"Glenn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heinken","given":"Almut","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scott","given":"Karen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Swann","given":"Jonathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thiele","given":"Ines","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tuohy","given":"Kieran","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"European Journal of Nutrition","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","2","9"]]},"page":"1-24","title":"Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components","type":"article-journal","volume":"57"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=354a9d00-90c2-31ba-9148-291bb27e25dc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[2], [3]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[2], [3]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[2], [3]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[2] [3]. En términos metabólicos, la microbiota permite la degradación intestinal de compuestos como polisacáridos y polifenoles, metabolismo que no puede realizarse en células humanas, y contribuye además con la síntesis de algunas vitaminas e intermediarios metabólicos que son susceptibles de ser absorbidos como los ácidos grasos de cadena corta, el propionato, succinato, entre otros ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8","ISSN":"1436-6207","PMID":"28393285","abstract":"The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire that is distinct from, but complements the activity of mammalian enzymes in the liver and gut mucosa and includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, the gut microbiota is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet and, therefore, its impact on host health and disease. The important role that the gut microbiota appears to play in human metabolism and health has stimulated research into the identification of specific microorganisms involved in different processes, and the elucidation of metabolic pathways, particularly those associated with metabolism of dietary components and some host-generated substances. In the first part of the review, we discuss the main gut microorganisms, particularly bacteria, and microbial pathways associated with the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids and gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, and vitamins. The second part of the review focuses on the methodologies, existing and novel, that can be employed to explore gut microbial pathways of metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated microbes, and enzyme assays.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rowland","given":"Ian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gibson","given":"Glenn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heinken","given":"Almut","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scott","given":"Karen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Swann","given":"Jonathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thiele","given":"Ines","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tuohy","given":"Kieran","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"European Journal of Nutrition","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","2","9"]]},"page":"1-24","title":"Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components","type":"article-journal","volume":"57"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=354a9d00-90c2-31ba-9148-291bb27e25dc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[3]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[3]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[3]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[3]. Estudios recientes han establecido que la microbiota intestinal humana comienza a instaurarse incluso antes del nacimiento y su desarrollo es susceptible a factores como el tipo de parto, la edad postconcepcional, uso de antibióticos, modo de alimentación (leche materna y/o fórmula láctea) y tiempo de consumo de un tipo de nutrición específica ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1186/s40168-016-0213-y","ISSN":"2049-2618","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hill","given":"Cian J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lynch","given":"Denise B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Murphy","given":"Kiera","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ulaszewska","given":"Marynka","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jeffery","given":"Ian B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shea","given":"Carol Anne O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watkins","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dempsey","given":"Eugene","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mattivi","given":"Fulvio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Touhy","given":"Kieran","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ross","given":"R Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryan","given":"C Anthony","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Toole","given":"Paul W O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stanton","given":"Catherine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Microbiome","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-18","publisher":"Microbiome","title":"Evolution of gut microbiota composition from birth to 24 weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d9a46356-781f-4a24-9d3b-5f31538ab787"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-017-08268-4","ISSN":"2045-2322","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Timmerman","given":"Harro M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rutten","given":"Nicole B M M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boekhorst","given":"Jos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Saulnier","given":"Delphine M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Scientific Reports","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"July","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-10","publisher":"Springer US","title":"Intestinal colonisation patterns in breastfed and formula-fed infants during the first 12 weeks of life reveal sequential microbiota signatures","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=05d990c2-633d-4a78-8797-f8870536ccc6"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3389/fped.2015.00017","ISSN":"2296-2360","abstract":"The field of genomics has expanded into subspecialties such as metagenomics over the course of the last decade and a half. The development of massively parallel sequencing capabilities has allowed for increasingly detailed study of the genome of the human microbiome, the microbial super organ that resides symbiotically within the mucosal tissues and integumentary system of the human host. The gut microbiome, and particularly the study of its origins in neonates, have become subtopics of great interest within the field of genomics. This brief review seeks to summarize recent literature regarding the origins and establishment of the neonatal gut microbiome, beginning in utero, and how it is affected by neonatal nutritional status (breastfed versus formula fed) and gestational age (term versus preterm). We also explore the role of dysbiosis, a perturbation within the fragile ecosystem of the microbiome, and its role in the origin of select pathologic states, specifically, obesity and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. We discuss the evidence supporting enteral pre- and probiotic supplementation of commensal organisms such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the neonatal period, and their role in the prevention and amelioration of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Finally, we review directions to consider for further research to promote human health within this field.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gritz","given":"Emily C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bhandari","given":"Vineet","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers in Pediatrics","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","3","5"]]},"page":"17","publisher":"Frontiers","title":"The Human Neonatal Gut Microbiome: A Brief Review","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=22a2c78b-2550-388d-8522-b4e8d4e1925e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[4]–[6]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[4]–[6]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[4]–[6]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[4]–[6], siendo el ultimo un elemento determinante en la posible correlación de componentes, proceso microbiológico y salud del hospedero. Durante el periodo neonatal y antes de la introducción de la alimentación complementaria, el desarrollo de la microbiota normal está estrechamente relacionado con el consumo de leche materna, dado su contenido de agentes prebióticos ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/nu9080817","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Demmelmair","given":"Hans","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-22","title":"Benefits of Lactoferrin , Osteopontin and Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=74dc15aa-072f-4ec7-9861-c7b36e907a4a"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.077","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hernell","given":"Olle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Timby","given":"Niklas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Domell","given":"Magnus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Clinical Bene fi ts of Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants and Children","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a1c4be90-49fd-4bda-85bf-e1947b5b7651"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[7], [8]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[7], [8]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[7], [8]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[7], [8]. Uno de estos componentes incluye el MFGM (membrana de glóbulo graso de la leche), definido como un complejo de lípidos y proteínas que incluye esfingolípidos, glicerolípidos y colesterol, que más allá de incidir en el perfil lipídico parece modular el conjunto de la microbiota humana (microbioma) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.077","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hernell","given":"Olle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Timby","given":"Niklas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Domell","given":"Magnus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Clinical Bene fi ts of Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants and Children","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a1c4be90-49fd-4bda-85bf-e1947b5b7651"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[8]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[8]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[8]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[8]. Otros constituyentes moduladores de la microbiota presentes en la leche materna corresponden a HMO (oligosacáridos de la leche humana), estimados en el 20% del total de carbohidratos ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/nutrit/nux044","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thurl","given":"Stephan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Munzert","given":"Manfred","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Matthews","given":"Catherine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stahl","given":"Bernd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"920-933","title":"Systematic review of the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk","type":"article-journal","volume":"75"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=aaaf9c16-aa72-456f-a1b2-c3f2e2562e13"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[9]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[9]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[9]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[9]. Además de su papel como prebióticos, se cree que existe una relación recíproca, dado que cepas del intestino del lactante como Bifidobacterium y Bacteroides pueden metabolizar los compuestos de los HMO y de acuerdo a su proporción producir efectos protectores o desencadenantes de alergias o enfermedades ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Biology","given":"Host-microbe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Majta","given":"Jan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odrzywolek","given":"Krzysztof","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Milanovic","given":"Bozena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hubar","given":"Vladyslav","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Strycharz-angrecka","given":"Emilia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wojciechowski","given":"Szymon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Milanowska","given":"Kaja","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wrobel","given":"Sonia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1-11","title":"crossm Identification of Differentiating Metabolic Pathways between Infant Gut Microbiome Populations Reveals Depletion of Function-Level Adaptation to Human Milk in the Finnish","type":"article-journal","volume":"4"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=33338079-5eb2-4994-a558-015092e91df3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/nutrit/nux044","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thurl","given":"Stephan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Munzert","given":"Manfred","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Matthews","given":"Catherine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stahl","given":"Bernd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"920-933","title":"Systematic review of the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk","type":"article-journal","volume":"75"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=aaaf9c16-aa72-456f-a1b2-c3f2e2562e13"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[9], [10]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[9], [10]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[9], [10]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[9], [10]. Por otro lado, además de los oligosacáridos y glucoproteinas, la lactosa juega un rol determinante en el mantenimiento de cepas como el Lactobacillus Bifidus, por lo cual se considera un constituyente esencial de las fórmulas lácteas y parte de aquellos que se pueden imitar en cantidad, dado que la leche humana es variable y dinámica en su composición mientras que las fórmulas lácteas permanecen estables a lo largo del tiempo ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-017-08268-4","ISSN":"2045-2322","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Timmerman","given":"Harro M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rutten","given":"Nicole B M M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boekhorst","given":"Jos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Saulnier","given":"Delphine M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Scientific Reports","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"July","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-10","publisher":"Springer US","title":"Intestinal colonisation patterns in breastfed and formula-fed infants during the first 12 weeks of life reveal sequential microbiota signatures","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=05d990c2-633d-4a78-8797-f8870536ccc6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[5]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[5]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[5]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[5]. En algunas circunstancias, es necesario introducir de manera temprana en la alimentación del lactante menor fórmulas lácteas, las cuales presentan diferencias en la composición nutricional ya que pueden ser " modificadas en sus componentes" lo que significa un cambio en la configuración de uno o más macronutrientes o incluyen compuestos bioactivos como oligosacáridos o lípidos (diferentes a una formula estándar) con el objetivo de generar un beneficio en la salud del lactante, ya sea facilitando la digestión, modulando la microbiota intestinal o modificando el perfil de aminoácidos. Estas modificaciones pueden afectar el metabolismo del lactante en algunos casos con efecto en términos de salud y nutrición. De hecho, se han observado diferencias en la composición corporal, desarrollo cognitivo y respuesta inmunológica en lactantes alimentados con formula y que se han se asociado a un aumento en el consumo de proteína, energía y menor disponibilidad de metabolitos bioactivos por consumo de sucedáneos ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/nu9080817","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Demmelmair","given":"Hans","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-22","title":"Benefits of Lactoferrin , Osteopontin and Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=74dc15aa-072f-4ec7-9861-c7b36e907a4a"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.077","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hernell","given":"Olle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Timby","given":"Niklas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Domell","given":"Magnus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Clinical Bene fi ts of Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants and Children","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a1c4be90-49fd-4bda-85bf-e1947b5b7651"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[7], [8]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[7], [8]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[7], [8]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[7], [8]. Desde el punto de vista metabólico, varios estudios han demostrado diferencias entre lactantes alimentados con leche materna y fórmulas lácteas (sucedáneos) como por ejemplo aumento en las concentraciones plasmáticas de aminoácidos de lactantes alimentados con formula en comparación a los que consumen leche materna ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-017-03975-4","ISSN":"2045-2322","abstract":"Lactose intolerance is a major concern driving the growth of lactose-free foods including lactose-free infant formula. It is unknown what the metabolic consequence is of consumption of a formula where lactose has been replaced with corn syrup solids (CSS). Here, a randomized double-blinded intervention study was conducted where exclusively formula-fed infants were fed formula containing either lactose or CSS-based infant formula and compared with an equal number of exclusively breast-fed infants. Plasma metabolites and insulin were measured at baseline, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after feeding. Differences in plasma metabolite profiles for formula-fed infants included a rapid increase in circulating amino acids, creatinine and urea compared with breast-fed infants. At 120 min post-feeding, insulin was significantly elevated in formula-fed compared with breast-fed infants. Infants fed lactose-based formula had the highest levels of glucose at 120 min, and leucine, isoleucine, valine and proline at 90 and 120 min, whereas infants fed CSS-based formula had the lowest levels of non-esterified fatty acids at all time points, and glucose at 120 min. Overall, these differences highlight that changes in infant formula composition impact infant metabolism, and show that metabolomics is a powerful tool to help with development of improved infant formulas.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Slupsky","given":"Carolyn M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"He","given":"Xuan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hernell","given":"Olle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andersson","given":"Yvonne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rudolph","given":"Colin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lönnerdal","given":"Bo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"West","given":"Christina E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Scientific Reports 2017 7:1","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","6","16"]]},"page":"3640","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","title":"Postprandial metabolic response of breast-fed infants and infants fed lactose-free vs regular infant formula: A randomized controlled trial","type":"article-journal","volume":"7"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4639d7c7-5940-35e3-907b-85bf6f78728b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[11]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[11]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[11]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[11]. De igual forma, fórmulas modificadas en carbohidratos parecen generar aumentos significativos en los niveles de insulina, lo cual podría ser un determinante en enfermedades metabólicas ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/ejcn.2015.29","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wright","given":"C J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Atkinson","given":"F S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ramalingam","given":"N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Buyken","given":"A E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brand-miller","given":"J C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"939-943","title":"Effects of human milk and formula on postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=40c79ab5-008f-4cf4-b8ad-57e93ff6c9f3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[12]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[12]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[12]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[12]. Además de las implicaciones en la respuesta inmunológica y enfermedades metabólicas, el uso de fórmulas se ha relacionado con alteraciones en la salud mental y el comportamiento que infieren en la calidad de vida del hospedero, ya que intervienen en la modulación de vías metabólicas de aminoácidos con funciones en el SNC como la Tirosina y el Triptófano ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1186/s40168-016-0213-y","ISSN":"2049-2618","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hill","given":"Cian J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lynch","given":"Denise B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Murphy","given":"Kiera","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ulaszewska","given":"Marynka","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jeffery","given":"Ian B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shea","given":"Carol Anne O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watkins","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dempsey","given":"Eugene","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mattivi","given":"Fulvio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Touhy","given":"Kieran","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ross","given":"R Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryan","given":"C Anthony","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Toole","given":"Paul W O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stanton","given":"Catherine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Microbiome","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-18","publisher":"Microbiome","title":"Evolution of gut microbiota composition from birth to 24 weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d9a46356-781f-4a24-9d3b-5f31538ab787"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[4]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[4]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[4]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[4]. De manera complementaria, estudios previos realizados en el Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana han identificado cambios en el metabolismo de los lactantes menores de 4 meses alimentados con fórmulas infantiles comparados con población alimentada con leche materna. El análisis del perfil de excreción de ácidos orgánicos urinarios demostró cambios en los niveles de excreción de intermediarios del ciclo de Krebs, intermediarios del metabolismo de aminoácidos y metabolitos derivados de la microbiota intestinal ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Organic acidurias are a group of diseases that may start their clinical presentation from the first days of life. These diseases are diagnosed by urinary organic acids profile analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) where presence or increments of metabolites characteristic of specific organic acidurias may be detected.\r\nIn human metabolism several organic acids are synthesized from diet through metabolic pathways involved i degradation of amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates. Previous studies have shown that dietary habits ma influence the organic acid excretion profile, however, most studies have evaluated infants, children and adults rate than newborns. For this reason, the aim of the study was to describe the organic acids excretion profile of newborn. The achieve such aim a semi quantitative analysis of the organic acids excretion profile was performed by GC-MS in urin samples from newborns feed with breast milk and infant formulas. In the profiles obtained it was observed the excretion of 35 short and medium chain organic acids including metabolites derived from Krebs cycle, and the metabolism < amino acids and fatty acids. In addition changes in the organic acids excretion profile depending on the diet were observed. Such changes may affect the interpretation of the profile since it was detected the presence of metabolite associated to organic acidurias as well as changes in the levels of several organic acids between both populations.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Calvo Barbosa","given":"Angie Marcela","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Casallas Cortes","given":"Stefany","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"publisher":"Pontificia Universidad Javeriana","title":"Análisis del perfil de excreción de ácidos orgánicos de cadena corta y media en neonatos que reciben fórmulas infantiles","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=56509fa8-780c-3a77-88f0-371edd029493"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[13]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[13]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[13]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[13]. Desde el punto de vista del impacto de las fórmulas lácteas en la composición y comportamiento de la microbiota, los estudios realizados hasta el momento en población neonatal e infantil se han concentrado en caracterizar las diferencias demostrando cambios sutiles en el tipo y proporción de microorganismos comparado con lo observado al consumir leche materna, con gran variación de los resultados entre estudios y resultados limitados en relación a la evolución en el tiempo ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01060.x","ISSN":"08035253","PMID":"19143664","abstract":"UNLABELLED In adult individuals, the intestinal microbiota comprises several hundred, mostly anaerobic, bacterial species. This complex ecosystem is formed through the successive establishment of different bacteria in infancy and early childhood. Facultative and aerotolerant bacteria establish first, followed by more and more strict anaerobes. The bacteria derive from different sources and the colonization pattern is influenced by delivery mode and environmental factors. Commensal microbes provide the major drive for maturation of the immune system. Increased hygiene appears to have changed the gut flora of Western infants, which may affect the risk of developing immune mediated diseases. CONCLUSION It is clear that the process of infant colonization needs to be studied further, since composition of the microbiota may impact on child health.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adlerberth","given":"I","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wold","given":"AE","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Acta Paediatrica","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009","1","12"]]},"page":"229-238","title":"Establishment of the gut microbiota in Western infants","type":"article-journal","volume":"98"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eada086f-d2d6-302c-ac60-24d0c7181e5d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3389/fped.2015.00017","ISSN":"2296-2360","abstract":"The field of genomics has expanded into subspecialties such as metagenomics over the course of the last decade and a half. The development of massively parallel sequencing capabilities has allowed for increasingly detailed study of the genome of the human microbiome, the microbial super organ that resides symbiotically within the mucosal tissues and integumentary system of the human host. The gut microbiome, and particularly the study of its origins in neonates, have become subtopics of great interest within the field of genomics. This brief review seeks to summarize recent literature regarding the origins and establishment of the neonatal gut microbiome, beginning in utero, and how it is affected by neonatal nutritional status (breastfed versus formula fed) and gestational age (term versus preterm). We also explore the role of dysbiosis, a perturbation within the fragile ecosystem of the microbiome, and its role in the origin of select pathologic states, specifically, obesity and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. We discuss the evidence supporting enteral pre- and probiotic supplementation of commensal organisms such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the neonatal period, and their role in the prevention and amelioration of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Finally, we review directions to consider for further research to promote human health within this field.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gritz","given":"Emily C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bhandari","given":"Vineet","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers in Pediatrics","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","3","5"]]},"page":"17","publisher":"Frontiers","title":"The Human Neonatal Gut Microbiome: A Brief Review","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=22a2c78b-2550-388d-8522-b4e8d4e1925e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[2], [6]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[2], [6]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[2], [6]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[2], [6]. De tal manera, hasta el momento se desconoce la relación entre los cambios observados en la microbiota y el perfil metabólico distintivo de los lactantes que reciben fórmula láctea. Teniendo en cuenta lo expuesto anteriormente, surge la necesidad de realizar estudios que permitan identificar la posible respuesta metabólica del lactante a la exposición de los diferentes componentes de fórmulas lácteas y su asociación con cambios en la microbiota intestinal, dado que esta etapa constituye una ventana de desarrollo crucial dicha flora. Con esto en mente este proyecto propone realizar la caracterización del metabolismo intermediario mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) y la microbiota intestinal mediante estudio de la subunidad 16s, de lactantes que consumen fórmulas infantiles para formular un modelo computacional microbiota-humano como plataforma para estudiar el impacto de la dieta en dicha interacción y sus repercusiones en el metabolismo del lactante. Esta aproximación permitirá generar información relevante para valorar de manera objetiva el efecto de intervenciones dietarías en la salud y calidad de vida del lactante.