TY - JOUR
T1 - Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovars from Colombian Pig Farms
AU - Chamorro, Iliana
AU - Pulido Villamarin, Adriana Del Pilar
AU - Carrascal Camacho, Ana Karina
AU - Barrientos, Irina
AU - Wiesner, Magdalena
AU - Hernández Toro, Ivonne
AU - Alban, Lis
AU - Olsen, John Elmesdahl
AU - Dalsgaard, Anders
AU - Hounmanou, Yaovi M. G.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 by the authors.
PY - 2024/12/20
Y1 - 2024/12/20
N2 - Salmonella enterica is a globally important zoonotic microorganism that affects pigs and can enter the farm through various routes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. enterica in water sources and pigs at Colombian pig farms, and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates phenotypically and genotypically. Samples were collected from 103 farms including source water (n = 104), storage tank water (n = 103), drinking water (n = 103), and individual rectal swab samples (n = 1025). The presence of Salmonella was detected/identified using MDS-3M™ agar culture medium. Isolates were serotyped, and their antibiotic susceptibility was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using Illumina NovaSeq, and bioinformatics analysis focused on serovar confirmation, MLST determination, and resistance gene detection. The overall between-farm prevalence of Salmonella enterica including all types of samples was 52.4% (54/103), with 6.4% of rectal swab samples and 21.3% of water samples found to be positive. Thirty serovars were identified using WGS, with the most common being S. Typhimurium var. monophasic (1,4,[5],12:i:-) (41.2%), S. Schwarzengrund (4.2%), and S. Saintpaul (4.2%). Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant were more commonly found in rectal swabs than the remaining serotypes (relative risk = 2.9, p < 0.0001), which were commonly found in the water samples (relative risk = 5.2, p < 0.0001). High levels of phenotypic resistance were observed, particularly to amikacin (99.2%), tetracycline (59.7%), chloramphenicol (55.5%), and ampicillin (42%). All isolates carried genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (aac(6′)-Iaa), quinolones (qnrB19), and tetracyclines (tetA). In conclusion, S. enterica is prevalent in Colombian pig farms including the water supply, with the S. Typhimurium monophasic variant being predominant, and antimicrobial resistance is widespread.
AB - Salmonella enterica is a globally important zoonotic microorganism that affects pigs and can enter the farm through various routes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. enterica in water sources and pigs at Colombian pig farms, and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates phenotypically and genotypically. Samples were collected from 103 farms including source water (n = 104), storage tank water (n = 103), drinking water (n = 103), and individual rectal swab samples (n = 1025). The presence of Salmonella was detected/identified using MDS-3M™ agar culture medium. Isolates were serotyped, and their antibiotic susceptibility was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using Illumina NovaSeq, and bioinformatics analysis focused on serovar confirmation, MLST determination, and resistance gene detection. The overall between-farm prevalence of Salmonella enterica including all types of samples was 52.4% (54/103), with 6.4% of rectal swab samples and 21.3% of water samples found to be positive. Thirty serovars were identified using WGS, with the most common being S. Typhimurium var. monophasic (1,4,[5],12:i:-) (41.2%), S. Schwarzengrund (4.2%), and S. Saintpaul (4.2%). Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant were more commonly found in rectal swabs than the remaining serotypes (relative risk = 2.9, p < 0.0001), which were commonly found in the water samples (relative risk = 5.2, p < 0.0001). High levels of phenotypic resistance were observed, particularly to amikacin (99.2%), tetracycline (59.7%), chloramphenicol (55.5%), and ampicillin (42%). All isolates carried genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (aac(6′)-Iaa), quinolones (qnrB19), and tetracyclines (tetA). In conclusion, S. enterica is prevalent in Colombian pig farms including the water supply, with the S. Typhimurium monophasic variant being predominant, and antimicrobial resistance is widespread.
KW - Salmonella
KW - Prevalence
KW - Swine farm
KW - Colombia
KW - Antimicrobial resistance
KW - whole genome sequencing
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8007/4/4/116
U2 - 10.3390/applmicrobiol4040116
DO - 10.3390/applmicrobiol4040116
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85213346641
SN - 2673-8007
VL - 4
SP - 1729
EP - 1744
JO - Applied Microbiology
JF - Applied Microbiology
IS - 4
ER -