Más allá de la metafísica de la presencia: Derrida y la apertura del ser

Derrida, a 20th-century French philosopher and the creator of deconstruction, challenges Aristotle’s conception of being as a fixed entity, definable through stable categories. For Derrida, this perspective is limited because it presupposes a closed and static structure of being, excluding the multiplicity of meanings, the fluid nature of language, and existence itself. Furthermore, Derrida points out that binary oppositions, such as those underpinning Aristotle’s categorial system (being/non-being, substance/accident), oversimplify and hierarchize concepts, obscuring more complex and dynamic relationships between them. He argues that essentialist language, including that proposed by Aristotle in Categories, cannot fully grasp the totality of being. Derrida introduces the concept of the supplement to demonstrate that language cannot comprehensively represent being, as being itself is constituted through a process of differences and displacements that destabilize any attempt to fix it within absolute categories or definitions. This supplement is not merely an addition to language but an inherent element that exposes a void in the structure of signification, resulting from the binary oppositions (such as presence and absence) that language itself produces and organizes. Thus, the supplement allows us to conceive of being not as a fixed entity but as a process in constant transformation. On this basis, this study examines how Derrida explores being from a dynamic perspective, one that transcends the limitations of language and opens new possibilities for understanding its nature at the boundaries of its grammatical enunciation. The contemporary relevance of this research lies in its attempt to offer a rereading of Derridean deconstruction more than half a century after its formulation, exploring how the question of being critically revisited in the thought of Heidegger and Nietzsche remains pertinent in present day philosophical reflection. In this context, the study examines how deconstruction enables a critical engagement with the traditional ontological structures that have shaped Western thought since Aristotle, particularly his conception of being as a substance, as presented in Categories. By considering being in terms of temporality, difference, and becoming, this study contributes to opening a philosophical horizon that enriches contemporary debates on ontology and its implications in areas such as the philosophy of language, ethics, and critical theory, offering tools to better understand human experience in a world marked by constant change.