Long-term changes, and the influence of ENSO, on the precipitation and temperature extremes of Colombia: results using data from the Satellite Rainfall Estimates CHIRPS, and data provided by ground stations

It has been observed that, on a warmer planet, there are changes in the average values of hydro-climatological variables (e.g., the multiannual average value of precipitation or temperature, the average number of days with rain, among others). However, the effects on human life generally occur due to extreme events of these variables (i.e., heavier rains, extreme heat or cold waves, or unusually long spells of drought), so a study of the long-term changes of those extreme values is a primary task to design effective climate change adaptation strategies. However,on short timescales, the effect of ENSO on hydrological variables must be considered since it is one of the principal modulators of global climate. The context of our study lies in understanding the effects of ENSO-driven variability, and long-term changes, on Extreme Precipitation Indices (EPI) and Extreme Temperature Indices (ETI) in Colombia, utilizing different data sources such as CHIRPS and ground station data from IDEAM (Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales; IDEAM is a government agency that studies the weather and climate of Colombia, among other subjects). Studying extreme precipitation and temperature events allows for natural disaster preparedness and climate change adaptation in the region. The goals are to analyze and quantify trends in extreme precipitation and extreme temperature values, identify relationships with ENSO events, and provide valuable insights for decision-making and risk assessment in Colombia.