Is magnetic resonance imaging teratogenic during pregnancy? Literature review

Magnetic resonance imaging is a diagnostic tool used for obtaining an image through the combination of electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency. Given its properties and safety, it is the imaging modality of choice in pregnant women. However, little is known about the effects of MRI on the developing foetus. Objectives To identify the effects of the use of magnetic resonance imaging on the foetus when used as a diagnostic tool during pregnancy. Materials and methods A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and LILACS. Clinical guidelines and the grey literature were also reviewed. An analysis was made based on the findings. Results Four potentially adverse effects where found: (1) The impact on the auditory development due to the acoustic sound made by the resonator. (2) Teratogenic effects on DNA. (3) Physical deformities secondary to temperature increase. (4) Teratogenic effects due to the use of gadolinium as a contrast agent. Conclusion The risk assessment on the use of magnetic resonance imaging on the foetus is complex, owing to the multiple differences in field strength, force gradients, and radiofrequency pulses used. Although the adverse effects of using this method are not very clear, there are studies that describe the possible outcomes that can result from the use of this imaging modality. It is recommended to use MRI with caution, as long as the benefits outweigh the risk in pregnant patients.