Cálculos coraliformes: tendencias en la composición química de los cálculos en pacientes llevados a nefrolitotomía percutánea

Background: Urinary tract lithiasis is one of the most common urological diseases worldwide. Staghorn calculi represent 10 to 20 % of all cases of nephrolithiasis and constitute the most severe presentation of urinary tract lithiasis. It is a challenging condition that, due to its physiopathology, compromises renal integrity and function by causing obstructive and infectious phenomena. Purpose: Determine the physical and chemical composition of staghorn stones from patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy in a cohort between 2017-2022. Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted, involving all patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy between 2017 and 2022 at a single center. Results: 61 patients were analyzed, with the majority being female (75.4 %), with a mean age of 42.8 years and a mean BMI of 28.3. Men constituted 24.6 % of the sample, with a mean age of 49.8 years and a BMI of 25.3. Among the most prevalent pathologies, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, and thyroid disease were found. The mixed calcium variety was the most frequent. Primarily, the stones had a chemical composition of calcium oxalate with magnesium phosphate in 84.2 % of cases. Conclusions: Current data indicates that staghorn calculus composition is predominantly composed of calcium oxalate. Therefore, implementing interventions to prevent their formation and reduce recurrences should be a fundamental aspect of managing patients with lithiasis.